Who created the government?

This question is a little vague so I will answer it from the perspective of who created the government of the United States.

The Unites States formed after declaring its independence from Great Britain. The Second Continental Congress was operating kind of like a government while we were under British rule. The Second Continental Congress continued to govern the United States after we declared our independence until a formal plan of government was written. The delegates of the Second Continental Congress developed this formal plan of government. This plan, called the Articles of Confederation, was a weak form of government. There were many problems with the government created by the Articles of Confederation. The government didn’t have enough power to run the country. Thus, a meeting would be held in Philadelphia in September 1787 to write a new plan of government.

The meeting that called the Constitutional Convention led to the development of our current plan of government. The 55 delegates were called The Founding Fathers, and they wrote the new plan of government that was eventually called the Constitution. Thus, the 55 delegates that met in Philadelphia in September 1787 developed our current plan of government. Their plan was eventually ratified by all of the states and became our new plan of government.

In Washington Irving's The Devil and Tom Walker, how does the devil take Tom on the horse?

Tom Walker, having sold his soul to the devil in exchange for wealth the likes of which he never otherwise could have known, is growing old. Still morally and ethnically corrupt in his business dealings, especially with those most in need of help, he recognizes that his days on this earth are running short. His knowledge of his eventual demise, however, does not prepare him for the three knocks on his office door and the surprise that awaits him when he opens that door. His visitor is the devil, come for his pay. Irving describes the suddenness of Tom's departure into Hell as follows:

"The black man whisked him like a child astride the horse and away he galloped in the midst of a thunderstorm . . ."

That, in short, is how the devil takes Tom on the horse. The fact of the horse, however, is highly symbolic of the story's emphasis on Tom's mistreatment of animals as well as of his fellow human beings. Throughout The Devil and Tom Walker, Irving's narrator describes the condition of Tom's horses in exceedingly bleak terms, evident in the following passages:

"A miserable horse, whose ribs were as articulate as the bars of a gridiron . . ."

"He even set up a carriage in the fullness of his vain glory, though he nearly starved the horses which drew it . . ."

That the devil comes for Tom in his waning days on a horse, then, is no accident, although the period in which Irving's story was written and takes place obviously left few other options with respect to basic forms of transportation. 

The horse theme continues, as the departed Tom's belongings are searched for signs of the late miser's wealth, but, instead of wealth, only "chips and shavings" are found. More significantly, in the place of his "half starved horses," those searching his premises find only two skeletons. Finally, in the years following Tom's sudden disappearance, a "figure on horseback in morning gown and white cap" is regularly observed on stormy nights haunting the old woods where Tom first encountered Old Scratch. Tom has been condemned, by virtue of his greed, to haunt these woods for eternity. It is presumed, however, that the horses abused by the doomed usurer enjoyed a better existence following Tom's transition from this world to the next.

Why were individuals/immigrants attracted to cities?

There were several reasons why immigrants and individuals were attracted to the cities. One of those reasons was the availability of jobs. With the start of the industrial revolution, there were many jobs available in the cities. Immigrants, who were struggling economically in Europe and in Asia, came to the United States in search of a better life. This included finding jobs that they thought would pay them better than those jobs in their homeland. Immigrants had heard that a person could get very wealthy in the United States. Thus, one reason why they came to the United States was to find jobs. Unfortunately, most immigrants didn’t find the wealth they had hoped to find.

Some people came to the cities to escape the isolation of rural life. Many of these people were farmers. Farming was a very difficult job. The hours were long, and the work was very difficult. Plus, life was isolated in the countryside. Some of these people came to find jobs. Others came because there were more things to do in the city. Life wasn’t very isolated in the cities, unlike in the rural areas.

Cities offered immigrants a place where they could be with other people from their homeland. Moving to the United States was very difficult. The immigrants had to learn a new language, a new culture, and new ways of living. By living in ethnic neighborhoods in the cities, immigrants found it a little easier to adjust to living in the United States because they lived with people from their homeland who shared a common language and a common culture. Those immigrants who came here and settled here earlier could help the new immigrants adjust to life in the United States.

There were several reasons why immigrants came to this country and settled in the cities. There also were reasons why people moved from the countryside to the cities.

How does Birnam Wood arrive at Dunsinane?

This, of course refers to the prophecy by the third apparition summoned by the witches that Macbeth can never be "vanquish'd" until "Great Birnam wood to high Dunsinane hill/Shall come against him." Macbeth takes the prophecy literally, and since it seems very unlikely that Birnam Wood, a forest, will physically march up a hill against Dunsinane (his palace) he interprets the prophecy to mean he can never be destroyed. He is shocked, then, in Act V Scene 5, when one of his messengers comes with the news that the forest is moving up the hill against him. We learned in the previous scene that Malcolm ordered his men to hew off boughs of wood to use as cover as they advanced. The marching soldiers, each carrying tree branches, look like a forest. So it turns out that the prophecy was somewhat misleading, as was the prophecy that no man "of woman born" could destroy him. Macduff, it turns out, was born by Caesarian section. So the witches' prophecies have filled Macbeth with misplaced confidence that he can carry out his schemes with impunity.  

In the book Lyddie by Katherine Paterson Chapter 15, they say that Brigid is slowing down at work. What is the reason that this is happening to...

In Chapter 15, Mr. Marsden, the overseer, complains to Lyddie that Brigid is too slow in her work. He tells Lyddie that she must make clear to Brigid that she will lose her job if she doesn't pick up her pace at the looms.

Lyddie tries to warn Brigid, but the young Irish girl seems too upset to take much notice. However, she perks up when Lyddie offers to work on five looms together with her, for a few days. With Lyddie's help, Brigid improves slightly. However, she eventually starts to slow down again. When Brigid almost ruins a piece due to her inattentiveness, Lyddie yells out in frustration at the quivering girl. Brigid finally admits that she is worried about her mother, who is very sick. She also confesses that her worries stem from the fact that they have no money to take her mother to the doctor.

Upon hearing this, Lyddie gives Brigid some money to take her sick mother to the doctor. Brigid is so grateful for this gift that her work steadily improves.

She beat Lyddie to work in the mornings and had two of the machines oiled and gleaming before Lyddie even entered the room.

According to James Madison what are the strengths of a republic?

James Madison believed in the concept of having a republic. While James Madison and others worried that a republic could lead to chaos and disorder, they knew it was better than being ruled by a King. James Madison believed it was important that our government be based on the idea of the consent of the governed, and he knew that wouldn’t exist in a monarchy.

In a republic, we elect leaders to make decisions for us. It would be very difficult to have a direct democracy where everybody, at that time everybody meant mainly white males, would be involved in making decisions. He believed in the concept of a republic where people elected leaders to make decisions for them. Our government would be established using the idea of the rule of law. The representatives, in an ideal political world, would do what the majority of the people they represent want them to do.

James Madison believed having a republic was a good thing.

How did Alfred Wegener come up with the theory of plate tectonics?

Alfred Wegener was a German meteorologist who had a keen interest in how the continents of the Earth came to be in their present locations.  He developed a theory known as the theory of continental drift, which basically stated at one time, all the major land masses of the Earth were together in one super-continent, which he called Pangaea.  Surrounding this one super-continent was one super-ocean, called Panthalassa.  For whatever reason, the super-continent broke into pieces and the pieces drifted to their present-day locations.  His inspiration was the visual appeal of the continents, they looked like pieces of a giant jigsaw puzzle.  His evidence was the discovery of similar rock formations, coal deposits, and fossil discoveries on continents separated by major bodies of water.  His theory failed to gain much acceptance due to the fact he could not explain how the continents drifted.  The modern theory of plate tectonics was developed and furthered by a United States naval officer, Harry Hess, who discovered underwater mountain ranges while taking sound readings of the ocean floor.  The cracks in the middle of the mountain ranges fueled the theory of ocean-floor spreading, which provided an explanation of how the continents moved.

Write the partial fraction decomposition of the rational expression.

Let 

solving the above two linear equations to get A and B ,

subtracting the second equation from the first equation,

B=-2

Plug the value of A in second equation,

A=3

What are the main ideas of F.H. Bradley's Principles of Logic?

F H Bradley's book The Principles of Logic is unconventional in that it is devoid of theorems, axioms, and rules, which are typically central to formal logic. Like Mill, Bradley was opposed to the formalization of reasoning because, as he expresses in The Principles of Logic, it detaches inquiry from the practical activity of obtaining scientific knowledge. He also has a tendency to blur boundaries between the fields of logic, metaphysics, epistemology, and phenomenology. Because he rejected formalized logic in a treatise on logic, it is often only used in contemporary philosophy for historic purposes, but much of his thought had an unnoticed impact on logic through its acceptance by Bertrand Russell. For one, it brought forth themes such as meaning and reference as concepts that can also be subjected to logical scrutiny.

One important argument he makes is that judgement as it applies to logic, rather than being a conjunction of two separate ideas as philosophers traditionally asserted, is actually an abstract and universal event. Rather than judgments being a combining of separate ideas, ideas are actually an abstraction of already complete judgments. Essentially, objects cannot be divided from their concepts. He uses examples such as proper names, which he claims are just disguised general terms, and specific places in space or moments in time, which only individuate objects and events in a given spatiotemporal series but do not differentiate across different spatiotemporal series. Reference is not fixed in the abstract but is inseparable from the reality of experience.

This is where his lasting influence on Russell lies: the argument that the logical form of universal sentences is hypothetical. For example, the sentence 'All tigers have stripes' can be understood as 'If anything is a tiger then it has stripes.'

When he moves from judgment to inference, he continues to reject traditional Aristotelian logic by claiming that reasoning only occurs through generalities, making universals essential to inference.

What causes Okonkwo to view himself as weak and womanly in Things Fall Apart?

In Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart, the warrior Okonkwo considers any kind of failure or shortcoming as a weak or womanly. He is a man driven by a crippling fear of being viewed as weak or ineffectual, a fear which derives from his own father's gentleness and lack of titles. One of the most striking instances of Okonkwo questioning his masculinity is after he kills his adopted son Ikemefuna. Okonkwo is warned against participating in the act, but he murders Ikemefuna in order to prove his manliness. After slaying the young man, however, Okonkwo is deeply shaken by Ikemefuna's death. He is confused by his reaction:

"When did you become a shivering old woman... you, who are known in all the nine villages for your valor in war? How can a man who has killed five men in battle fall to pieces because he has added a boy to their number? Okonkwo, you have become a woman indeed" (65).

He views this empathetic reaction as a black mark against his manliness, despite the fact that his response is appropriate considering the depth of the relationship he built with Ikemefuna before he betrayed his adopted son's trust. Okonkwo has essentially slain a son, but he still worries that he will be perceived as weak and feminine.

Evaluate the integral

You need to use the substitution  , such that:

Replacing the variable, yields:

You need to use the integration by parts such that:

You need to use the integration by parts again, such that:

Replacing back the variable, yields:

Hence, evaluating the integral, using substitution, then integration by parts, yields

What are the necessary conditions for cloud formation?

A number of conditions are required for cloud formation. Chief among them are the presence of moisture, lift and nucleating surfaces. When the sun shines on water bodies, it heats the water and causes it to evaporate (the conversion from liquid water to water vapor). These water vapors need to be lifted high enough into the atmosphere for cloud formation. This lift may be provided by fronts associated with low pressure systems, convection, convergence, etc. As the air rises, it cools. Once it reaches the condensation level, water starts condensing. To nucleate, water vapors need solid surfaces. These surfaces could be something as simple as dust blown by wind and are known as cloud condensation nuclei. The nucleated water drops form larger droplets and fall down in the form of precipitation.

Hope this helps. 

Which quotes illustrate Macbeth's ambition?

At the beginning of Act 1, Scene 7, Macbeth lists a number of reasons why he should not proceed with the plan to kill Duncan: among others, Duncan is his kinsman, his king, his guest; further, he is such a good king and full of virtues.  However, Macbeth finishes by saying,

         I have no spur
         To prick the sides of my intent, but only
         Vaulting ambition, which o'erleaps itself
         And falls on th' other -- (1.7.25-28)

In other words, despite all of the reasons that Macbeth has not to murder Duncan, the one reason to go forward with the plan is his enormous ambition, which leaps far over everything else.

Not only this, but almost from the first moment Macbeth heard the Weird Sisters’ “prophecy” that he would be king, it has occupied his thoughts. He finds that he wants the title quite a bit. After he’s been made Thane of Cawdor, he says to himself, “Glamis and Thane of Cawdor! / The greatest is behind” (1.3.125-126). In other words, now that the first part of the Sisters’ statements has come true, the best part of what they predicted will follow. Despite the fact that Macbeth’s becoming king might involve something tragic happening to his friend, kinsman, and king, he is simply too excited and ambitious about the inevitability, in his mind, that he will sit on the throne for him to consider how it might happen.

It doesn’t take him long, however, for him to get around to the idea of murder once he learns that Duncan has named his own son, Malcolm, as his heir to the throne. He says,

         Stars, hide your fires;
         Let not light see my black and deep desires.
         The eye wink at the hand, yet let that be
         Which the eye fears, when it is done, to see. (1.4.57-60).

He asks the stars to put out their lights so that no one will be able to see the terrible thing that he wants so passionately. He will not let his eye see what his hand is doing, but he is still going to do whatever it is that makes him afraid to let his eye watch. In other words, he’s going to kill Duncan. He feels kind of badly about it, but not badly enough to top his ambition.

Is Macbeth a villain or a victim?

Whether you think Macbeth is a villain or victim largely depends on whether or not you think he is responsible for his own actions. Some observers have argued that Macbeth is essentially a good man driven to evil deeds by forces that are beyond his control. Act III, scene 5, where Hecate first meets with the witches, is especially important in raising this question. Hecate says that she will deliberately deceive Macbeth to persuade him of his own invincibility. She will create visions, she says, that will cause him to "spurn fate, scorn death, and bear/ His hopes ’bove wisdom." Of course, the witches have already planted the idea in Macbeth's head that he was destined to become king of Scotland. Certainly at the end of the play, when he learns that he has been deceived by the witches' prophecies, Macbeth views himself as a victim, decrying the "juggling fiends...that palter with us in a double sense." Some might even argue that Macbeth is the victim of his scheming wife, who pushes him to murder first Duncan and then Banquo. 

But it cannot be denied that Macbeth is ultimately the man who carries out these actions, and that he is at least in some ways the villain of the play. The witches deceive him, but they seem to play on his (and his wife's) already existing ambition. Macbeth does not take much convincing that he is to be king of Scotland, and he very quickly begins to harbor "dark desires" that result in his murder of Duncan. Nobody forces Macbeth to do what he does, and even Hecate is confident that with a feeling of "security" from consequences Macbeth will be willing to carry out truly horrific deeds. 

In short, while Macbeth was without doubt the subject of malevolent forces, many of these forces existed within his own psyche. Ultimately he was responsible for his own actions, which destroyed almost everyone close to him at the beginning of the play.

What are the literary forms in Araby by James Joyce?

Understanding the forms of a work of literature helps a reader to grasp the message that the writer intends to impart. There are recognizable forms, essentially prose, poetry and plays made for the stage, and each of these forms and their subdivisions give a work its structure.  Araby by James Joyce is written in prose and is part of The Dubliners' collection of short stories, all of which expose some aspect of life for the average, working class family living in Dublin in the early twentieth century.

Rhiannamw (the educator above) explores some interesting aspects of Araby and its forms. It, and the other stories in the collection, has purposefully been written in this form (as a short story) for maximum impact, allowing the reader to focus on its own tale and therefore connect with the main character, giving the story an honesty, and although this series is a work of fiction, (a subdivision of prose) the reader easily recognizes the connection with many of Joyce's own experiences. The simplicity of the language and the first person narrative form in Araby allow the reader to be transported to Joyce's era and to make the connection to the real-life aspects of Joyce's seemingly anecdotal stories.

At the time of publication, Joyce was heavily criticized for the content of all the stories because they are pessimistic and the reader does not get to follow each story to its conclusion so the pessimism endures. In Araby, the reader wants the boy to succeed, to realize his romantic dreams of Mangan’s sister, but because his “eyes burned with anguish and anger,” it seems unlikely that he will recover sufficiently to pursue her. His epiphany or realization that life is harsh may be more than he can bear at this young age, preventing him from chasing his vision of perfection, Mangan’s sister. However, the reader will never know. This form of prose emphasizes the point that Joyce is trying to make and allows for interpretation by the reader, making it a very personal experience.  

Do you find any negative qualities of the duchess in "My Last Duchess"?

This is a good question. Most readers assume that the Duke is an unreliable narrator and that his negative insinuations about his dead wife are false. It is also normally assumed that the "commands" he gave towards the end of the poem were to have the duchess murdered. Although a significant amount of internal evidence, as well as the way Browning normally constructed the narrators of his dramatic monologues, points to the standard reading, it is also possible to side with the Duke and try to argue that his comments about his wife were true.

First, his reference to his "gift of a nine-hundred-years-old name" might suggest that they were not social equals, but rather that she was a social inferior who married him for his position and wealth.

Next, we could argue that she appears to flirt:

.. she liked whate’er

She looked on, and her looks went everywhere. ...

She thanked men, — good! but thanked Somehow —

Perhaps here, rather than the duchess being simply friendly and kindhearted, as most readers assume, we are actually seeing evidence that she was promiscuous and that the Duke's somewhat awkward and indirect phrasing are due to his embarrassment at being cuckolded.

One could also argue that she performed a form of "gaslighting" or belittling of her husband's concerns that she appeared overly friendly to other men.

What happened to John Hale once he left Salem?

I am assuming you are referring to when John Hale quit the court at the end of Act III. If you are not, please rephrase your question to make it more specific. 

When John Hale becomes fed up with the court proceedings and quits the court, he does leave Salem. He sees that the victims being held in the jail are innocent and that the girls are the guilty party. 

We do not find out what Hale does when he leaves Salem, but he isn't gone for long. He quickly finds his way back and is permitted, even encouraged by Reverend Parris, to talk with the prisoners in the hope of persuading them to confess to being a witch to save their lives. 

In the short story "Winter Dreams," what details indicate that Dexter is an ambitious young man?

In F. Scott Fitzgerald's short story "Winter Dreams," there are many details which indicate that the protagonist, Dexter Green, is ambitious. At the opening of the story, we discover that Dexter's family is solidly middle class and that his father owns a moderately successful grocery store. Dexter caddies for golfers at the local country club, but only for extra money.

In the first section of the story, Dexter creates wild imaginary stories that feature him playing golf with the rich men at the country club and driving an expensive car. Later, when he leaves for college, he chooses to attend an "older and more famous university in the East"—probably Yale University—though does not have a lot of money while he is there. The story explains that Dexter "wanted not association with glittering things—he wanted the glittering things themselves." This distinction is important since it tells us that Dexter wants to be wealthy and powerful, and not just be associated with the wealthy and powerful.

As an adult, Dexter owns a string of successful laundries and makes more money than other young men. This success allows him to finally access the "glittering things" he so desires. Of course, one important example of his ambition is his pursuit of Judy Jones, the wealthy and beautiful young woman who represents all that Dexter desires. Dexter's frequent attempts to possess her through marriage constantly fail. It is no coincidence that Judy is often described as being "golden" or dressed in expensive "gold" clothing; her character is symbolic of the wealth and power that fuel Dexter's ambitions. Ultimately, though Dexter becomes incredibly wealthy, he remains unhappy and disillusioned because he cannot "own" Judy.

What is the Western American Explorer's Club in the book The Twenty One Balloons?

The Western American Explorer's Club does not and has never existed, to the best of my knowledge. It is a fictionalized version of explorer clubs that were coming into being during that era, for example, the National Geographic Society, which became a formal organization in 1888 or the Explorer's Club, which formally organized in 1903.  These organizations were created to promote and finance exploration, which they continue to do to this day. The founders comprised teachers, scientists, geographers, mapmakers, explorers, and wealthy hobbyists. Professor Sherman is a member of the Western American Explorer's Club, and after teaching arithmetic for forty years, he longs to be alone. He says he joined the club because "the ambition of explorers was to go where no one had gone before" (40), and after forty years in the classroom, this was tremendously appealing.  As a club member, he feels he owes his allegiance to his fellow members to relate first to them his astounding adventures. He refuses to tell his story to his rescuers, to reporters, and even to the president of the United States, before he shares the story of his incredible journey with the club.   

What is the reason for Giles feeling guilty at the beginning of Act Three?

Giles Corey feels tremendously guilty at the beginning of Act Three because he feels that he is responsible for his wife's arrest and trial.  He says, "I only said she were readin' books, sir, and they come and take her out of my house [...]."  Giles has essentially given the court enough information about his wife to convict her, without realizing that was what he was doing.  

Giles refers to a conversation between himself and Mr. Hale from Act One.  In front of others, including the Putnams (the family held largely responsible for the witch hysteria and trials), he asked Hale, "what signifies the readin' of strange books?"  He explained that he sometimes wakes up to find his wife reading books, books that she hides.  He continued, saying that, on the night prior, he was unable to pray while she was in the room, and then, when she left the house, he could pray again.  Giles seemed to be curious only; he certainly didn't mean to get his wife accused of witchcraft.  However, he now realizes his mistake, "openly weeping," and says, "I have broke charity with the woman, I have broke charity with her."

Why is the knowledge of growth and development necessary in the educative process?

The human brain does not emerge from the womb fully formed. Indeed, humans develop more slowly than almost any other animal on Earth. While deer for example can walk a few minutes after being born, humans often take more than a year to do so.

The very slow pace of human brain development has the advantage of expanding our ability to learn, but it also has the disadvantage of making it difficult for us to process certain types of information before we reach the appropriate age.

I think the most important application of this knowledge is in curriculum design for students of various ages.

For example, a proper understanding of human brain development would lead us to put foreign language education very early in the curriculum--preferably in elementary school--because language is one of the first systems to come online and the most fluent speakers of any language are always those who started learning it from a very young age.

Conversely, it would tell us to put off most forms of mathematics education until at least middle school, because the brain is not yet ready to deal with the high levels of abstraction required for algebra and advanced geometry. Of course we can still teach arithmetic and basic geometry, but subjecting fourth graders to algebra is unlikely to help anyone.

Why does Jonas escape his community?

After becoming his community's Receiver of Memories, Jonas has a very difficult time feeling like a part of his community or his family. While he is experiencing the pain of knowing all the sorrow, war, grief and cruelty that has happened in the past, he sees that the rest of the people of his community are concerned with things that don't really matter. He begins to see them as protected, shallow beings and feels that he is no longer able to relate to anyone except the Giver. He understands why the girl selected before him to be the Receiver of Memories killed herself. Not only is the pain horrible to bear, but no one else understands any of it. Jonas initially decides to leave the Community because he believes that will force the others to remember, and experience both pain and joy. When Jonas realizes that Gabriel, the "new child" he has come to consider a brother is to be released (killed), his plans for escape expand to include taking Gabriel with him.

Calculate the heat energy needed to change the temperature of 2 kg of copper from 10°C to 110°C.

The specific heat (or the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by 1 degree Celsius) of copper is about 0.386 J/g/degree Celsius. This means that if we supply 0.386 J of energy to 1 gram of copper, its temperature will increase by 1 degree Celsius.

In this question, we are given 2 kg or 2,000 g of copper and the temperature changes from 10 degree Celsius to 110 degree Celsius. The amount of heat required is calculated as:

Heat requirement = mass x specific heat x temperature change

= 2,000 gm x 0.386 J/gm/degree C x (110 - 10) degree C

=  77,200 J = 77.2 kJ.

Thus, 77.2 kJ of heat energy is required to heat 2 kg of copper from 10 degree Celsius to 110 degree Celsius.

Hope this helps. 

What is the importance of Sophie in the Chrysalids?

Sophie is an important character because she is David's, and the reader's, first introduction to a Deviant.  Waknuk society drills into young people's minds that Deviants (people with genetic abnormalities) are practically sub human.  It's for that reason that Deviants are either killed or kicked out of Waknuk society.  But from Sophie, David sees that she is every bit as human as he is.  Sophie illustrates to David and readers that a person's value is not determined by their genetic structuring or their outward appearance.  That's the most important function that she serves in my opinion.  

Sophie is also important to the plot of the novel too.  After she and her family escape to the Fringes, she ends up being pivotal to David's and Rosalind's survival.  She frees them from the Fringes prison and helps them to escape.  Without Sophie, David and his group of telepaths never would have been united with the Sealand woman. 

What are some things that Scout changes from the beginning of the book to Chapter 18?

In Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird, one thing Scout changes about herself over the course of the first 18 chapters of the book concerns gaining more control of her temper.

At the start of the book, Scout is very quick to lose her temper and get into fist fights any time she thinks she or her family has been insulted. However, by Chapter 9, Atticus tells her she needs to stop fighting and start learning how to use her head by remaining calm in times of difficulty. He further warns her that she'll be subjected to ridicule frequently due to his involvement in Tom Robinson's case, and learning to use her head will now be even more important than ever. At first Scout struggles to keep her head, but by Chapter 11, Scout is able to keep her head, whereas Jem loses control.

In Chapter 11, Scout and Jem begin bravely and frequently walking past Mrs. Dubose's house, the meanest old lady in Maycomb. Each time they walk past, she insults the children. One time she stoops so low as to say, "Your father's no better than the niggers and trash he works for!" (Ch. 11). Passing her house again on their way back home, Jem grabs the baton he just bought for Scout and uses it to whack off every camellia flower in her garden. Scout notes the following about her brother's behavior in comparison to her own:

What Jem did was something I'd do as a matter of course had I not been under Atticus's interdict, which I assumed included not fighting with horrible old ladies. (Ch. 11)

She further notes her surprise at his behavior since he usually has a very calm temper that significantly contrasts with her own very hot temper. The above passage shows us that, under Atticus's guidance, she has begun to learn how to keep her head, whereas Jem is beginning to be worn down by all of the ridicule he is experiencing.

Hamlet's madness, whether genuine or not, adds to the fascination of his character to the audience. How can I discuss this statement, supporting...

Two things that really hook an audience and make them interested in a character are complexity and ambiguity. Complexity, because we always like finding yet another interesting layer to a character, and ambiguity because it keeps us guessing—the character never feels "figured out." Hamlet and his madness fulfill both of those things for us—his madness, real or feigned, makes his behavior complex and unpredictable, and the question of just how mad he truly is lends ambiguity—just what is really going on with him, anyway? Could anyone who keeps insisting on his own sanity really be as sane as he claims? Could someone truly insane behave with such calculated care to appear "mad"? In fact, the question of Hamlet's madness or sanity is one of his most compelling attributes: if Shakespeare gave us, with absolute certainty, an answer to whether Hamlet was mad or not, the play would lose a great deal of the strangeness that has kept people fascinated by it for centuries.

How does Walter claim he almost died his first year of school?

There is a pecan tree in the Radley yard.  The Radley property backs up to the school.  Walter Cunningham tells Scout and Jem a story about his first year attending school.  During that time, he ate some of the Radley pecans and it is implied that they had made him sick.  He says he nearly died.  Walter claims that Boo Radley poisoned the pecans "and put 'em over on the school side of the fence" (To Kill a Mockingbird, Chapter 3).

Walter's story of supposedly poisoned pecans is just one of the many rumors involving Boo Radley.  These rumors usually make Boo out to be a monster.  Such stories claim that he is violent and wants to cause harm to others.  Walter Cunningham's story about Boo confirms their already negative opinions.  Scout and Jem are already terrified of Boo and the Radley property when Walter tells his story to them.

What are 3 words that describe Mrs. Sommers in the beginning, the middle, and the end of the story "A Pair of Silk Stockings"?

In the beginning Mrs. Sommers is judicious, in the middle she becomes self-indulgent, and at the end she is wistful.

In the beginning of the story, Mrs. Sommers finds herself in possession of fifteen dollars, an unexpected amount of money. Judiciously, she decides that she will use the money for necessities: a dollar or so should be put into this or that for the children. "The needs of the present absorbed her every faculty."

• self-indulgent

When she does go to shop for the children, Mrs. Sommers is rather faint and exhausted; so, she decides to have some lunch while in a store. It is then that she feels the silk stockings her hands have found as she lowered them on the counter. Then she decides to ask for her size and feels the stockings, recalling how good the raw silk feels next to her flesh. 

After buying the stockings, Mrs. Sommers steps into a ladies' waiting room and takes off her cotton socks and wears these new silk stockings. Then,

...she seemed for the time to be taking a rest from that laborious and fatiguing function [of thinking] and to have abandoned herself to some ...impulse that ...freed her of responsibility.

Mrs. Sommers goes to the shoe department and purchases new boots. From there, she buys gloves and eats select foods down the street from the store. After her meal, she enters a theater where she delights in watching a play.

The play was over, the music ceased, the crowd filed out. It was like a dream ended. 

Having left the pretend world of the theater, Mrs. Sommers steps onto a cable car and heads home. As she does so, she wishes the car would never stop, but just keep going and going. She is wistful and, so being, reluctant to return to reality and its harsh demands.

How did the War of 1812 and the related trade embargoes affect American production of textiles and other goods?

The trade embargoes stretched back to Thomas Jefferson's Embargo Act of 1806, which tried to avoid European conflict by banning trade with England and France, among others. The answer to this question is that the decline in trade put many wealthy northern merchants and the banks that extended them credit in a very difficult position. Their response was to put their capital (and their labor) into developing manufacturing enterprises. The War of 1812 saw a tremendous boom in American manufacturing, especially textiles. Francis Cabot Lowell, for example, was a merchant who emerged as a leading manufacturer in New England during the war. After the war, however, British merchants sought to exploit newly reopened American markets by pouring their own manufactured goods into the country. This led to a crisis in the northern manufacturing sector that prompted demands for protective tariffs on imported goods. 

Evaluate the definite integral.

You may start by checking if the function is an odd or even function, such that:

Hence, the function is an odd function and you may use the following property, such that:

, if f(x) is odd

Hence, according to this property,

What is one positive thing and one negative thing in Andrew Clements's Frindle?

One positive thing found in Andrew Clements's book Frindle is the idea that thinking creatively is a powerful tool, so powerful it can change the world. On the other hand, we also see in the book that those who think creatively think contrary to the way the rest of society thinks, which means creative thinkers often have to oppose authority in order to act upon their creative ideas. Sometimes opposing authority can be a good thing and lead to positive changes; sometimes opposing authority can be a bad thing. As we see in Frindle, while Nick's opposition to authority was generally harmless, it also had the potential to be problematic.

As we see at the start of the book, Nick is a very creative thinker. He is so creative that he once turned his third-grade classroom into a tropical island paradise during the New Hampshire winter and even invents his own word. His invented word becomes so popular that, once the press attention dies down, "all the kids and even some teachers used" the word frindle instead of pen (72). By the time Nick reaches the age of 21, frindle has been added to the dictionary, showing us creative ideas lead to major changes; therefore thinking creatively can be a very good thing.

Before this change occurred, however, Nick's rebellion caused some trouble. First, Nick inspiring kids at school to call a pen a frindle makes teachers mad, which is not a response Nick really anticipated. Mrs. Granger is so mad that she makes kids stay after school for using the word and to write a sentence one hundred times, saying, "I am writing this punishment with a pen" (39). There are days when as many as 200 kids must stay after school. While many people, including Nick and his parents, believe the school is overreacting to kids using an innocent made-up word, Mrs. Chatham, the school principle, expresses a valuable point that, in refusing to stop using the word, Nick and the other children are showing a "lack of respect for authority" (49).

While disrespecting and even rebelling against authority is not always a bad thing, it can certainly be considered a bad thing when it is done for unimportant or wrong reasons. The American Revolution and the Civil Rights Movement are two examples in which people rebelled against authority to accomplish very significant goals. One might argue that getting a word like frindle added to the dictionary does not constitute an important reason to rebel against authority; therefore, one might conclude Nick's rebellion against authority could be considered a bad thing.

Regardless of whether Nick was right or wrong to rebel against authority, Frindle shows us people have the ability to accomplish permanent changes if they think creatively.

What does Scout reveal about her relationship with Atticus in Chapter Nine?

In Chapter Nine of To Kill A Mockingbird, we see a little of what Scout and Jem will have to face because of Atticus's defense of Tom Robinson. At the beginning of the chapter, we learn that Scout has just accosted Cecil Jacobs, who essentially repeated on the playground what has obviously been going around town--the fact that Atticus was defending a black man accused of raping a white woman. Later, at the Finch family Christmas celebration, Scout punches her cousin Francis, splitting his lip, over similar taunting. What this tells us about Scout's relationship with her father is that she is deeply troubled by the accusations going around town. She is proud of Atticus, and though she does not at that point really understand the particulars or the racial dynamics of the case, she will not tolerate those who speak ill of her father. Later, as Atticus speaks to his brother, Jack, (with Scout eavesdropping) he makes it clear that he is very worried about this side of Scout's character. "Scout's got to keep her head and learn soon, with what's in store for her these next few months," he says (90). 

In Julius Caesar, What does Brutus say about Caesar's spirit at Phillipi?

The first thing Brutus mentions about Caesar's ghost when he is on the battlefield at Phillipi is the following:

O Julius Caesar, thou art mighty yet!
Thy spirit walks abroad and turns our swords
In our own proper entrails.

Brutus expresses the superstition that Caesar's spirit has come for vengeance and forces his men to turn their swords against themselves, i.e to commit suicide. Later, he once again refers to Caesar's ghost when he says to Volumnius:

The ghost of Caesar hath appear'd to me
Two several times by night; at Sardis once,
And, this last night, here in Philippi fields:
I know my hour is come.

Brutus realises that his time has come. He believes that the appearance of Caesar's ghost the previous night, prior to their battle at Philippi, and again on the battlefield, was an ominous sign that he would die. Whilst he had been in his tent at Sardis, Caesar's spirit appeared:

... Ha! who comes here?
I think it is the weakness of mine eyes
That shapes this monstrous apparition.
It comes upon me. Art thou any thing?
Art thou some god, some angel, or some devil,
That makest my blood cold and my hair to stare?
Speak to me what thou art.
GHOST
Thy evil spirit, Brutus.
BRUTUS
Why comest thou?
GHOST
To tell thee thou shalt see me at Philippi.
BRUTUS
Well; then I shall see thee again?
GHOST
Ay, at Philippi.
BRUTUS
Why, I will see thee at Philippi, then.

Brutus was clearly shaken by the appearance of Caesar's spirit and enquired of his other men why they had cried out. He believed that he may have imagined what he had seen and that his men had been crying out in their sleep. However, all of them denied having made a sound, making it more convincing that what he had seen was real.

It has become obvious to Brutus that the ghost had kept its promise. His troops have been overrun and there is no way out. The victorious Antony and Octavius are coming ever closer. His men ask him to flee but Brutus decides to commit suicide, just like Cassius has done. He runs onto his sword (held by Strato) and kills himself, stating in his last breath:

Caesar, now be still:
I kill'd not thee with half so good a will.

He means that he had a greater desire to take his own life than he had in taking Caesar's. Caesar's ghost can now come to rest because its vengeance is complete.

In A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens, when Fan comes to pick Scrooge up, we learn one of the reasons he turned out the way he did. What is this...

In Stave Two of "A Christmas Carol," the Ghost of Christmas Past takes Scrooge on a journey in which he revisits his days at boarding school. In this memory, Fan comes to collect Scrooge from school and promises that he can stay at home forever:

Home, for good and all. Home, for ever and ever. Father is so much kinder than he used to be, that home's like Heaven! He spoke so gently to me one dear night when I was going to bed, that I was not afraid to ask him once more if you might come home; and he said Yes, you should; and sent me in a coach to bring you.

 From this piece of dialogue, the reader learns a lot about Scrooge's home life, particularly the relationship that he has with his father. It is evident, for instance, that Scrooge stays at school, even during the holidays, because his father does not want him to be at home. While the reasons for this feeling are not made clear, Scrooge's strained relationship with his father is, arguably, a contributing factor to how the boy has turned out. Rejected and isolated, when Scrooge grows up, he spurns the surviving members of his family, like Fred, and prefers to spend his time alone. He does not marry and have children of his own and instead focuses on the pursuit of wealth and success in business.

The relationship with his father, then, has had a profound effect on Scrooge's character and, through him, Dickens makes an important point about family: that children who are loved and cherished grow up to become caring and productive members of society.

Explain the doctrine of predestination

Predestination is the religious belief that all future events have been determined by God. In Christianity, predestination is generally used to refer to the fate of each individual soul. Protestant Christians who ascribe to predestination tend to belong to "Calvinist" denominations, named for 16th-century Reformer and theologian John Calvin.

The Christian debate about predestination revolves around the question of the relationship between God's sovereignty and human free will. The doctrine of predestination (in the Calvinist sense) emphasizes God's sovereignty by holding that he has marked out each soul for salvation or damnation. Often, people who teach predestination also teach "total depravity," the idea that humans are completely sinful and incapable of choosing salvation on their own; thus, they can only be saved by God's grace.

Opponents of predestination (often referred to as Arminians in Protestant circles) claim that predestination denies humans free will, because it prevents souls from having the free choice to choose to accept salvation.

What can help you balance by sensing changes in direction?

The system responsible for balance in humans is known as the vestibular system. It is composed of a series of parts that the human body uses to determine balance by sensing directional change, and telling the brain the appropriate movements to make to maintain balance. The semi-circular ducts located in the inner ear are important for determining angular acceleration of the head, allowing us to sense head movements. The otoliths are another important part of the system that allow us to determine our orientation relative to gravity. The otoliths are comprised of two distinct organs, the saccule and the utricle. These parts sense changes in gravity relative to body position. This allows us to distinguish between when we are lying down or standing up. This system also contains other pathways and parts important for maintaining vision and stabilizing our eyes as we move. Often times dysfunction in one part of the pathway (i.e. vision) can suggest disruption of other parts of the system that are responsible for balance as well. Hope this helps!     

What are the limitation of organic compounds and how can they be overcome?

Organic compounds have become firmly entrenched in our everyday lives.  We eat them for nutrition, we use them to fuel our automobiles, and we use them to both heat and cool our homes. As such, they seem to have no obvious limitations, but in recent years, the availability of organic compounds have been harder to come by.  At some point, we will exhaust our supply of fossil fuels, which qualify as organic compounds, and we will have to employ an energy source that is independent of organic compounds. 

Other limitations would include not fully understanding the full consequences of organic compound usage.  In the resource I have attached, a mention is made of allergic reactions to a pesticide used on an airline in Australia and New Zealand.  What was thought to be an improvement turns into a health disaster for certain people who are susceptible to the influence of a new organic compound.  As is the case with most things, there are benefits and there are liabilities.  There is no panacea, no cure-all, no 100% dead-on bet organic compounds will save the day.

To overcome the shortcomings of organic compounds, more experimentation must be conducted.  There will always be a shortcoming in these situations, the only way to deal with obstructions is to continue exploration in hopes of navigating around it.

In The Hiding Place, where is the climax in the story?

In The Hiding Place, Corrie is separated from all of her family except her sister Betsie. The two of them are sent to Ravensbruck concentration camp and are able to be together throughout most of the experience. Corrie tries to protect Betsie, who has always been sickly. She has trouble doing the required work in the camp, and Corrie is not able to save her from all of it or from the abuse of the guards.

The climax of the story comes when Betsie dies, having grown too weak to fight off the disease that was rampant in the camp. Corrie is able to view her body before it is disposed of. After that, Corrie is on her own. She tries to carry on Betsie’s strength and faith to the other women in the camp. Soon after, Corrie is released from the camp.

I am trying to find a name for my school magazine. They will give a prize to the one who gives the best name. Please do help me.

Without knowing anything about your school, I can only give you some general ideas for coming up with a creative name. A lot of literary magazines use puns or alliteration in their titles. For example, if your school mascot is a tiger, you could call the magazine “Tiger Tales” (an alliteration and a pun!).  If you are the Vikings, you could cal it “Vikings Voices.” Perhaps you could do something like this with your school name, for example, “West Jr. Whisperers.”

Or you could include literary terms in your name, like story, literature, write, compose, literary, poetry, stanza, prose, author, drama, words, epic, saga, narrative, rites of passage, coming of age, etc. Instead of "magazine," if your publication is an online Internet one, you could call it a “zine” or an "e-zine."

It would be helpful to your to know what the magazine will look like graphically. What font or style will be used? Will it look like an Old English publication or like an online Facebook page? Perhaps you can think of a name that goes with the graphic theme of the magazine. 

I hope that helps a little, and good luck! I hope you win.

What are some examples of this prompt and what does "understanding" mean in this situation? People's understanding of the world changes over time.

I think the best way to understand the prompt and the word "understand" is to completely substitute that word for another word.  The word that I would choose instead of understand is "worldview."  

Merriam Websters dictionary defines worldview like this:

the way someone thinks about the world

In regard to your prompt, the way that a person thinks about the world and the world around them does change over time.  There are plenty of reasons why a person's worldview might change.  It could be simple growing up and maturing.  The change could be triggered by a major event in a person's life too.  In my own experience, my worldview has recently been shaped and changed through a combination of the two listed reasons.  I am getting older and more confident with myself, and I am now a father of three kids.  I see the world differently than I did before.  My priorities have shifted from myself and my job to my kids.  I still care about myself and my job, but my attitude about work has changed.  

Other things that could shape and change a person's worldview could be education and religion.  For example, college had a way of making me realize that I didn't know everything that I thought I knew in high school.  It sort of humbled me and the way that I thought about the world. I'm sure 10 years from now, my worldview will be different than it is now regarding certain topics.  

Is gerrymandering good or bad? Why?

This is, to some degree, a matter of opinion.  My own view is that gerrymandering is a bad thing.  I believe that it makes our political system more partisan and more divided.

Gerrymandering is the process of drawing political electoral districts in ways that are meant to help the political party that is doing the drawing.  Typically, this means drawing districts in such a way that your own political party gets more seats in the legislature.  With this definition in mind, we can see that gerrymandering is something that is done for partisan gain and not for the good of our country.

In our society as it exists today, gerrymandering is particularly negative because it contributes to the hyper-partisanship that is so harmful to our country.  The parties gerrymander electoral districts, making sure that as many seats as possible are “safe” for their party.  This means that fewer and fewer legislators have to run in “swing” districts where they have to appeal to people of both parties.  Instead, the majority of our legislators run in one-party districts where their best path to success is to become more partisan and extreme.  This is harming our country badly (at least in my view).

It is hard for me to see any good in gerrymandering.  It is a process that is done in order to rig the political process to help the party that is doing it.  Doing this is selfish and (in my view) unethical and it results in a more partisan and less unified country. 

Why did Virginia businessmen secure land grants in the Ohio River Valley?

Virginia "businessmen" secured land grants in massive amounts in the Ohio Valley before the French and Indian War. They did so because they knew the lands would be very valuable. The Ohio Valley was highly fertile, and potential settlers in Virginia, Pennsylvania, and elsewhere longed to settle there. So many Virginia planters and politicians did everything they could to secure land grants there. Many invested in the Ohio Company, which received a vast grant of land in the region in the early 1750s. They were speculating that the lands would rise in value once the British gained control of the region (which was disputed between the British Empire and France). Many of the Native peoples in the region had other ideas, however, and they rose up in a series of rebellions during and immediately after the war. These rebellions made the British Crown reconsider their policy in the Ohio Valley, because frequent Indian attacks made maintaining a military presence there a necessity. After the war, this was an expense the British did not want to bear. So King George III issued the Proclamation of 1763 forbidding settlement west of the Appalachians and basically refusing to renew the grant issued several years before. For the wealthy Virginians who had speculated in lands there, this meant that they could not secure clear title to their lands. This angered many of these men, many of whom would become leaders of the Revolution in Virginia.

Why did the War of 1812 occur?

There were several reasons why the War of 1812 occurred. One important reason was the concern that the British were interfering with our trade. As a neutral nation, we had the right to trade with other countries. However, Great Britain was locked in a conflict with France.  Great Britain didn’t want the French to receive products from the United States. As a result, Great Britain was seizing our ships and impressing our sailors. When Great Britain refused to stop interfering with our trade and impressing our sailors, some Americans began to advocate for going to war against Great Britain.

Some westerners also believed the British were encouraging the Native Americans to attack us. Some young people, known as the War Hawks, got elected to the United States Senate in 1810, and they supported going to war against Great Britain. They were concerned that Great Britain was encouraging these attacks by the Native Americans.

As a result of these reasons, the United States went to war against Great Britain in 1812.

What is pitch?

Pitch may refer to several things, the first of which is a quality of sound. The pitch of sound refers to how high or low we perceive a sound to be based on the frequency of the sound waves. Pitch is also the term used to describe a kind of resin derived from burning plants or which results from decayed organic matter. We also call this viscous substance tar, asphalt, or bitumen, and it may be used to seal roads or structures. As a verb, pitch can refer to throwing, as in baseball. Finally, the term "pitch" may also be used to describe an incline or slope of some kind. In flight, rotation around the side-to-side axis, which creates a slope, is called pitch.

What are some advantages and disadvantages of immigration?

There are advantages and disadvantages of immigration. One disadvantage of immigration is that it may cause an oversupply of workers. If many immigrants come to our country, the supply of workers may rise. This may help keep wages low. Immigrants may need a lot of social services. If the immigrants don’t speak English, their kids will need specialized teachers in school to learn English. They may need other specialists to work with them. Immigrants may need assistance in getting food and medical care if they don’t have a job when they arrive in the United States. These are added costs to our social service system.

There are advantages to immigration. Immigration has allowed us to experience new cultures and new ways of living. With immigration, we have been able to experience different traditions and new foods and styles of clothing. We have experienced new forms of music and dance. We have benefited greatly from the skills of many immigrants. Albert Einstein helped us with scientific knowledge. I.M. Pei is a famous architect. Singers like Gloria Estefan and sports figures like Albert Pujols have entertained millions of Americans. Elie Weisel is a famous writer. The concept of kindergarten came from the Germans. With all of these new experiences, contributions, and knowledge that immigrants have provided us, there are many advantages to immigration.

why would Bismarck think that blood and iron are the only options for making Germany successful?

Otto Von Bismarck was famous for his realpolitik approach to government. This approach to government supposed that practical concerns should supersede moral considerations. Thus Bismarck believed governments could best achieve success by "blood and iron." As he argued in a September 1862 speech:

The great questions of the day will not be decided by speeches and resolutions of majorities… but by blood and iron.

Bismarck believed 19th-century nation-states could only be successful if they demonstrated to themselves and other nations that they were willing and able to fight. They demonstrated the willingness to fight through blood--the commitment to sacrifice lives in the pursuit of a goal--and the ability to fight through iron--the commitment to devoting economic resources to the national military. Bismarck did not believe that liberalism (which placed an emphasis on moral concerns such as human rights and liberties) would bring success to a modern nation-state.

Bismarck used his "Blood and Iron" realpolitik approach to government to unify Germany. Rather than seek to find a liberal or democratic way to unify Germany, he orchestrated the Danish War, Austro-Prussian War, and Franco-Prussian War to accomplish that purpose.

Why does Telemachus need to go to see Nestor in books 1, 2, and 3?

Telemachus has to go see Nestor because he needs information on his father Odysseus's possible whereabouts.  The Trojan War ended ten years ago, and though Nestor and Odysseus left Troy at the same time, Odysseus has not yet returned home.  In fact, all the men who were expected home from the war have returned, and yet no one knows anything of Odysseus's fate.

When Telemachus arrives at Pylos, along with Athena who is disguised as Mentor, he finally meets Nestor, and he says,

"I come afar to seek some tidings of my father, royal hardy Odysseus, who once, they say, fought side by side with you and sacked the Trojan town."

He goes on to say that the fate of every other man who did not return from Troy is known, but no one is able to give them any news about Odysseus's fate or whereabouts.  Nestor does not know, and so he sends his son with Telemachus to Menelaus's palace at Lacedaemon.  Menelaus tells Telemachus that he heard that Odysseus was last seen on an island, "letting the big tears fall, in the hall of the nymph Calypso, who holds him there by force."

It has become more and more urgent that Telemachus find his father (or find out that he is, in fact, dead) because the suitors who wish to marry Penelope, Odysseus's wife (or widow, if he's dead), are eating them out of house and home, taking advantage of the hospitality they are due by custom until Penelope chooses a husband from among them.

What do the humans do that makes them evil in Old Major's eyes?

Old Major's speech to the animals occurs in Chapter One of Animal Farm. In it, he argues that "Man is the only real enemy we have," and lists a number of grievances intended to get the animals to see this (7). Essentially, he says that the humans, who are not productive in their own right, exploit the labor of animals to enrich themselves. Man "does not give milk, he does not lay eggs, he is too weak to pull the plough, he cannot run fast enough to catch rabbits. Yet he is lord of all the animals" (8). To illustrate the point, he reminds the cows that they have given thousands of gallons of milk to men. Most of the eggs laid by hens go to market, sold for the profit of Jones.

The animals' lives are, Old Major says, miserable, and when they are used up they are simply cast aside, or, in the case of the "young porkers," they will "scream their lives out block within a year." When Boxer is no longer strong enough to do his work, he will be sold to the knacker, who will kill him. So, Old Major says in conclusion, "all the evils of this life of ours spring from the tyranny of human beings" (9). He says that the animals must realize this truth, and rise up to claim what is rightfully theirs--the fruits of their labor. This speech is intended to echo the writings of Karl Marx, who wrote in the nineteenth century that industrial workers were being exploited by the bourgeoisie, the owners of the mills and factories where they worked. Marx's writings were inspirational to the communist revolutionaries who established the Soviet Union in the wake of World War One.