Why do you think Shakespeare opens the play with humor when the story is the tragedy of Julius Caesar?

Shakespeare often juxtaposes humor and tragedy. In fact, almost all of his major tragedies include "light" scenes that both cut through the tension and provide dramatic contrast with the gut-wrenching scenes that characterize plays like Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, Hamlet, and others. Commoners especially exhibit a wry, sometimes coarse, but often perceptive wit in Shakespeare's plays. In the case of Julius Caesar, the play opens with Flavius and Marullus , two tribunes, encountering a crowd of commoners celebrating Caesar's victory. They confront a cobbler, who responds with a number of puns that would have resonated with Shakespeare's audiences: the cobbler describes himself as a "mender of bad soles," and says that he is leading the crowd of commoners to create more business for himself by wearing out their shoes walking about Rome. In this case, Shakespeare seems to show that the rise of Caesar has disrupted the social bonds and hierarchies that undergirded Roman society. By making these jokes, and carrying them even further--saying, for example, that he could "mend" Marullus--the cobbler is behaving above his station. Shakespeare's audiences would have found this funny, and the mild humiliation that the tribunes experienced would have underscored their alarm at Caesar's popularity. So in this case, humor is used to create dramatic tension.

Why did Brutus betray Caesar?

The answer to this question can be found in Brutus's funeral speech in Act 3, scene II, where he tries to explain to the Roman citizens why Caesar needed to die. He explains that no one loved Caesar more than he, but that he "loved Rome more." Throughout the speech, he provides reasons for why Caesar was no good to the people of Rome, pointing to the fact that under his rule, they would "die all slaves" and therefore it was necessary for Brutus to "rise against Caesar." Brutus explains to the audience:

As Caesar loved me, I weep for him;
as he was fortunate, I rejoice at it; as he was
valiant, I honour him: but, as he was ambitious, I
slew him.

Though Brutus admires many of Caesar's traits, his admiration does not outweigh the need to stop his ambition. In weighing his strong love for Caesar with his love for Rome, Brutus effectively sways the audience, in this moment, from thinking he has committed a crime to believing he has made a sacrifice for their benefit.

What did Declaration of Independence actually declare?

The Declaration of Independence emphasized many ideas. The most important idea was that the colonies were no longer under British rule. The Declaration of Independence declared that we were a free country, and we could do whatever we wanted or needed to do.

There are other ideas that were stated or declared in the Declaration of Independence. One of those ideas was that everybody has natural rights that can’t be taken away. These rights include the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. These are called the inalienable rights. The Declaration of Independence went on to state that when a government doesn’t protect the rights of the people, the people have no choice but to remove that government and replace it with a new government.

Finally, the Declaration of Independence went on to say that if a group of people were going to declare their independence from another group of people, they should let everybody know why they are doing this. In the Declaration of Independence, the writers listed the complaints they had against the King of England.

Most people look at the Declaration of Independence and think that all it declared was that the colonies were free from British rule. It actually declared much more than that statement.

Evaluate the indefinite integral.

You need to evaluate the indefinite integral by using the substitution , such that:

Using the formula yields:

Replacing back  for t yields:

Hence, evaluating the indefinite integral, yields

How does Ishmael progress as a character in Moby Dick? My teacher told me that all main characters in some way develop through the story but I do...

While Ishmael is absent from parts of the narratives and digresses with scientific discussion of the whale, he at first links himself with Queequeq and then pairs with himself through much of the narrative. He becomes linked to Captain Ahab in his fatalistic view, but rejects that and reaches a deeper fulfillment with self realization of his own basic feelings. In a sense, he is reborn as he clings to the coffin and the "baptismal" waters of the sea.

With the utterance of the famous first sentence in Moby Dick, Ishmael suggests himself that he will wander through various convictions and metaphysical thoughts as he dwells on predestination, free will, evil, and the existential condition.

According to Christopher S. Durer in Mocking the "Grande Programme," the character Ishmael progresses through four stages of development during the narrative of Moby Dick:

1. Chapters 1-18: Ishmael holds an ambivalent attitude towards this Prorgramme; he half-believes in the Calvinistic predestination of Father Mapple, but has some doubts. 


2. Chapters 19-43: Ishmael begins to lose any belief in this "grande programme" and gravitates towards Ahab's belief in the "pasteboard masks" of Nature there lies an "inscrutable malice."


3. Chapters 44-93: He starts to give this "programme" no credibility, calling the universe "a practical joke."


4. Chapters 94-105: Ishmael rejects the "grande programme" entirely.

1. Whereas in the early chapters of Moby Dick, Ishmael acts primarily as a narrator, in the later chapters, he becomes an active participant of the crew and is central to the tragedy at the end. Nevertheless, Ishmael shows signs of being influenced rather easily as he is initially fearful of the savage harpooner Queequeq with whom he is to room in Nantucket; then the next day, he narrates that they are companions. Ishmael jokes that the harpooner slept with his arm around him, and they are now "married." Nevertheless, Ishmael feels himself apart from others.

2. He remains in conflict with his Presbyterian beliefs, expounded by Captain Mapple. In Chapter 41, in which Captain Ahab unites the crew in the search for Moby Dick, offering a doubloon to whoever first sights the white whale, the harpooners partake of a communion of wine that parodies the Christian ceremony. Swept up in the excitement and unity, Melville's narrator declares, "I, Ishmael, was one of that crew...my oath had been welded with theirs." Nevertheless, Ishmael remains skeptical as in Chapter 47 he comments upon chance that "rules by turns" with necessity, and later he speaks of "the audacious seas" that ignore the "blessed light of the evangelical land." He notes, too, Ahab’s obsession with the whale as far greater than that of the other sailors. When Ahab projects a sense of the presence of evil in the world onto the White Whale, Ishmael observes that this projection is absurd; however, he also begins to give credibility to Ahab's conviction that there is "but a pasteboard mask"; that is that there is an evil force lurking behind creation.

3. In Chapter 49 Ishmael rejects the ideas of Romanticism and comments that there are certain times that life is, as Ahab says, inscrutable. At times it seems to be "a practical joke" on man. Further, in Chapter 72, "The Monkey Rope," Ishmael speaks of his Siamese relationship with Queequeq in the ropes that hold them in place: "Queequeq was my own inseparable twin brother...." Then, in Chapter 83, Ishmael recalls Father Mapples's mention of Jonah and the whale; he realizes from his new study of this mammal that the stomach juices of the whale would destroy a man. This discussion marks his increasing skepticism of religious teachings (the "practical joke.")

4. In the latter chapters, Ishmael feels that Ahab's projection of all evil onto the single creature of Moby Dick is absurd. But, because other cultures have also found malevolent forces in the world, Ishmael hints that the belief in an intelligent and evil presence has credibility enough for him to reject "the grande programme" of the Divine. Instead, a more sinister presence seems to take hold of the world, Ismael concludes.

Finally, Ishmael's camaraderie with the crew ends as Ishmael becomes more independent and breaks from the restrictions of religion. He mentions the grande programme very little after Chapter 94 in which he takes more delight in pure physical activity and socialization with others rather than acting as a crewman. His new perspective of Chapter 94 demonstrates that Ishmael has achieved independence and is no longer dependent upon "the grande programme" of order imposed by Providence.

As some critics note, Melville has taken his narrator out of the bondage of an order imposed by a controlling God and given him existential freedom to choose the direction of his life. With the narrative of Quequeeq, who has transferred the stories of his tattoos onto the coffin, Ishmael need wander no more; he can forge his own existence.

Additional Source:

Durer, Christopher S. "Mocking the 'Grande Programme'": Irony and after in Moby Dick." Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature 36.4(1982):249-58. Print.

What commandments are broken in the book Animal Farm by George Orwell?

Early in George Orwell's Animal Farm, the animals take over Manor Farm and come up with seven commandments by which they agree to live their lives.

1. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy.

2. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend.

3. No animal shall wear clothes.

4. No animal shall sleep in a bed.

5. No animal shall drink alcohol.

6. No animal shall kill any other animal.

7. All animals are equal. (Orwell 43)

It does not take long, though, for the pigs, particularly Napoleon, to take over as leaders and once this happens, the commandments start to change. By the end of the book, the pigs are walking around on two legs, wearing clothes, sleeping in beds, and drinking alcohol. As each commandment is broken, the other animals go to check the original commandments on the wall and find them "magically" changed. "No animal shall sleep in a bed" has "with sheets" added to the end of it, for example. Alcohol may be drunk, just not to excess. Animals can kill other animals if there's a good reason for it. Snowball, though he has four legs, is considered an enemy. The pigs live in the house and have become quite human-like and in many ways worse than Mr. Jones in their treatment of the other animals. 

In The Giver who does Jonas give the memories to and why did he give the memories?

Jonas gives memories to Gabriel to keep him calm.

The ability to receive and give memories is unique in Jonas’s community.  A person has to have the Capacity to See Beyond in order to be receptive.  We know that this is a very rare gift because the community avoids having most citizens in contact with memories.  Jonas has the ability, and he soon realizes that Gabriel has it too.

Families in the community are only supposed to have two children—a boy and a girl.  Jonas’s father is able to get a special extension for Gabriel and brings him home instead of releasing him.  Perhaps Jonas’s father is attached to Gabriel because he reminds him of Jonas.  Both boys have the same rare trait of light colored eyes.

Jonas becomes attached to Gabriel too.  One day Jonas begins to rub his back when he is fussing, and accidentally transmits a memory to him.  Up until this point, doing this had never occurred to him.  He was the Receiver, not the Giver, of memories.

He was not aware of giving the memory; but suddenly he realized that it was becoming dimmer, that it was sliding through his hand into the being of the newchild. Gabriel became quiet. (Ch. 14)

Jonas is shocked and surprised when he realizes what he has done.  He understands that Gabriel is special like him.  The light eyes are a clue that they are related, and it seems that this means that Gabriel could be a Receiver of Memory.

Jonas uses this ability to help Gabriel when he takes him and runs.  When Jonas realizes that Gabriel is threatened, he takes off with him.  He has come to see Gabe as a little brother and loves him like a brother.  He understands that Gabe is sensitive and special, things the community does not understand.  On the run, he uses memories to soothe and sustain the baby.

Before he had left the dwelling, he had laid his hands firmly on Gabe's back and transmitted to him the most soothing memory he could: a slow-swinging hammock under palm trees on an island someplace, at evening, with a rhythmic sound of languid water lapping hypnotically against a beach nearby. (Ch. 21)

Throughout the dangerous journey, Jonas uses Gabe’s ability to receive memories to help keep them alive.  He gives him memories of food and warmth when they do not have the real thing.  In the end, they both survive—but barely—due to the help the memories have given them.

Jonas and Gabriel share a special connection, and it is one that most people in the community would never understand.  They do not know emotions or love.  They realize that it is a sad thing to release a Newchild, but to them it is a disappointment and not a travesty.  Other than The Giver, Jonas alone appreciates the real emotions behind caring about someone.

What are the three rules the "Receiver of Memories" had to follow?

Technically, there are more than three rules that the Receiver of Memories must follow. In Ch. 9 Jonas receives one sheet of instructions that gives him eight distinct rules. However, there are three rules that Jonas seems to focus on the most because he can really foresee how they will affect him.

Rule #3 "startled him" because it exempted him from "rules governing kindness." He no longer had to worry about what he was going to say to people, which he had grown accustomed to his entire life.

Rule #6 "unnerved him" because he had only experienced brief pain and when he had, he was immediately given pain medication and didn't feel it any longer. But for that short time, the pain was excruciating. This made him think about if or how he may need it again and if his pills for the "stirrings" qualified as being prohibited; he realized they did not.

Rule #8 simply said, "You may lie." This was literally inconceivable to Jonas because he had never intentionally lied nor did we get the impression it had ever crossed his mind. He then wondered if other twelves might have also received this same "rule" in their instructions and if so, how many members of the community might not be telling the truth.

What gas can be used to produce the following result? I want to achieve temperatures of between 30 deg C and 40 deg. C with a pressure range of...

Looking at the details provided in the question, your objective is to create a heating system that is non polluting and requires no external energy source. The temperature of the room being heated has to be kept between 30 C and 40 C. You intend to accomplish this by using a gas and varying the pressure by less than 50 psi or 344738 Pa.

It is not possible to heat a room without the use of an external energy source. If the temperature of the room is less than the external temperature, heat flows in from outside till thermal equilibrium is reached. On the other hand, if the external temperature is lower than that in the room, heat flows out.

Now let us see what happens to a gas as the pressure applied is changed. The ideal gas equation gives the relation P*V = n*R*T where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles of the gas, R is the gas constant and T is the temperature. Temperature is directly proportional to the pressure, if the other factors are kept constant. So the gas can be heated by compressing it and cooled by allowing it to expand. In a room heating system, the gas can be compressed in a container kept inside the room, this would raise the temperature and if the container is made of a thermally conductive material, heat would flow into the room. The gas is then moved outside the room and allowed to expand. As this cools down the gas, it absorbs heat.

This may seem like a method of heating a room without using any energy, but the change in pressure of the gas requires energy. It is not possible to heat a room, and maintain a particular temperature range, irrespective of what the external temperature is, without using external energy in some form.

What are some examples of Gatsby being a good man in The Great Gatsby?

Perhaps the most poignant and substantial proof of Jay Gatsby's goodness is his choice to stay and wait for Daisy in the aftermath of Myrtle Wilson's death. Nick suggests that Gatsby will most likely get into some trouble, saying that the police will track Gatsby's car. Yet Gatsby refuses to make an escape (Chapter VIII). 

"Go away now, old sport?"

...

He would not consider it. He couldn't possibly leave Daisy until he knew what she was going to do. 

In the previous chapter Gatsby demonstrates the same devotion to his dream of attaining and protecting Daisy when, at the end of the chapter, he proclaims that he will wait outside of Daisy's house until she goes to sleep. Gatsby's vigilance and, one might say, his nobility in this tense moment stand in stark contrast to Tom's decisions. 

Although Tom later tells Nick that his behavior is driven by a desire to shield Daisy from harm, Nick sees through this ruse and understands that Tom's deflection of blame onto Gatsby is as ignoble and cowardly as Gatsby's choice to stay was noble and brave. Thus, Gatsby, in his willingness to sacrifice and take chances for love (or for Daisy), shows himself to be a person of some integrity. He stands by his dreams, even if those dreams are impossible. 

And this is the principal virtue that Nick identifies in Gatsby early in the novel -- a special propensity for hope and a "heightened sensitivity to the promises of life" (2). Whatever greatness Gatsby had came from his trust in good outcomes, his faith that dreams may come true. In short, Gatsby was an idealist and an optimist, despite his tendencies toward deceit and his criminal connections.  

Which word best describes the tone of Robert Frost’s poem “The Road Not Taken”?

Tone refers the writer's attitude toward his subject. In Robert Frost's "The Road Not Taken," the word I would use to describe the tone would be "uncertain" or "doubtful." We see this in how the speaker reacts to the decision, represented by the two roads,  that he has to make. 

In the first stanza, the poem's speaker, referring to the two roads, says

. . . long I stood

And looked down one as far as I could

To where it bent in the undergrowth.

The speaker is having trouble making up his mind. He's basically standing around in the woods trying to decide what to do next. We see how uncertain he is by the time involved. He had to stand there for a "long" time before he could even think about making up his mind. 

In the second stanza, the word "perhaps" tells the reader that, despite the time it took him to make his decision, he still isn't at all sure he made the right one. 

In the third stanza, when considering whether or not he would ever return to the wood to try the other road, he uses the word "doubted." He isn't sure what he will do in the future regarding this decision.

In the final stanza, the speaker imagines that he will "sigh" in the future when he  thinks about the decision he has made. He already knows that he will be uncomfortable about his choice for the rest of his life. 

According to the Wife of Bath, in what way does life in her day differ from life in King Arthur’s time?

In the time of King Arthur, the natural environment blended with magical elements and creatures. However, all the elements and creatures had since disappeared and paved the way for modern religion.

According to the poem, there were plenty of magical creatures who existed in the natural environment. For instance, there were fairies and elves who danced in the open fields. There were mythical creatures, such as, the incubus who lived in the forest and made it dangerous for women who went there alone, because the incubus would impregnate them as they slept. These magical and mythical creatures were however replaced, and in their position, holy friars and limiters existed. The friars were assigned a specific area where they performed their religious duties and begged from passersby for their livelihood.

I speak of many hundred years ago.

   But now such elves no one is seeing. No,

   For now the prayers and charitable desires                

   Of limiters and other holy friars

   Who wander all the land, by every stream,

   As thick as specks of dust in a sunbeam,

   To bless our halls, chambers...

In summary, the difference was that magic and magical elements were restricted during her time as compared to King Arthur’s time. During King Arthur’s time, creatures such as fairies existed freely in the natural environment. 

In The Cay, why do the actions of the sailors upset the people of Aruba so much?

In the book, German sailors in submarines are responsible for bombing and destroying six lake tankers on Curacao (where Phillip, our young protagonist lives) and for attacking the Lago oil refinery on Aruba. Since the lake tankers hold crude oil which would need to be processed into usable kerosene, gasoline, and diesel oil at the refinery, the attacks are a devastating setback for the war effort and for the people of both Curacao and Aruba.

Meanwhile, Phillip is excited at the prospect of war; he wants to go to Fort Amsterdam to look out to sea and to try to get a glimpse of the German U-boats. His mother tells him that there will be no school on that day because of the attacks. She admonishes Phillip to stay close to home, but he slips off to join his friend, Henrik van Boven, at the fort when she is busy. However, the two boys find that their fort has been appropriated as a look-out by soldiers with rifles and machine guns. The soldiers send the boys on their way.

Phillip notes that the men who used to come in with fruits and vegetables on native schooners are no longer laughing and talking as animatedly as they once did. The people of Aruba and Curacao are worried about impending war.

What would Snowball have done if he had ousted Napoleon?

This question is counterfactual, but fun to think of nonetheless.  I do not think it would have been possible for Snowball to have ousted Napoleon, as Napoleon had the nine puppies from Bluebell and Jessie that he trained as killers.  Napoleon would have never been happy to take a secondary role on the farm--early on in the book, he even took the cow's milk for himself in the early days of the Revolution.  This shows that he is opportunistic and selfish.  Snowball would have built the windmill, though he was too much of an ideologue to get the dynamos and cables needed to make it fully functional as an electrical source.  This would have involved trading with other farms and unless the revolution spread and more farms lost their human masters, this would not have happened.  Snowball was a purist in his goals, but without other farms following the lead of Animal Farm, many of his goals would have fallen by the wayside.  Perhaps if the windmill failed, there might have been a counterrevolution among the animals.  

How does evil overcome good in Shakespeare's Othello?

In Shakespeare's Othello, there are times when evil overtakes good.  For example, Othello is a good, noble character who is undone by Iago's evil actions.  Othello loves his wife Desdemona, and his love is clear to all who know him.  However, he also has a sense of insecurity that Iago abuses to overtake him.  Iago knows that Othello is insecure about his race and social status, so he chooses Michael Cassio, an educated, attractive white man, to use as bait in the plot.  Iago is able to manipulate the situation to make it seem as if Desdemona is having an affair with Cassio, and Othello is so hurt that he does not think or act rationally to find out the truth.  So in this case, Iago's evil intent is able to overtake good--in the end, Othello murders his wife because he is led to believe that she has been unfaithful.

In The Shawshank Redemption, what symbol does Brooks' pet bird, Jake, stand for?

Jake represents hope in The Shawshank Redemption.

Brooks takes care of Jake as a baby bird.  When we first see him, Jake lives in Brooks' pocket and survives off of remnants of food.  When Andy discovers a worm in his food, Brooks asks for it so he can feed it to Jake. Jake's weak voice represents how something fledgling needs love to strengthen it.  Brooks does not let the cruelty and savagery of prison impact his love for the bird. As a result, Jake's growth symbolizes how people can find hope even in the worst of situations.   

We see Jake mature over the course of the film.  When Andy starts his work in the library, we see that Jake has grown up.  His voice is stronger and louder.  Jake's maturation is a direct result of Brooks's love and devotion. However, when Brooks is released, he must release Jake out into the wild. When he tells Jake that he "cannot take care of him anymore," it symbolizes how hope has to be released and set free.  Brooks recognizes that he has taken Jake to a particular point.  While Brooks is sad to see him go, it is clear that Jake proves how hope is a powerful and "beautiful thing" as Andy would say later on in the film.

Towards the end of the film, Red describes his friendship with Andy in ornithological terms.  He says that Andy was like a beautiful bird that came into his garden for a moment, knowing that he could not stay there forever. In many ways, Jake symbolizes this same idea of hope for Brooks.  He tends to it in the harsh reality of prison, but he also knows that hope cannot remain locked up.  It must be spread out into the world for others to experience.

What is a summary of "The American Scholar" by Ralph Waldo Emerson?

“The American Scholar” is a speech that Emerson gave to the Harvard inductees of Phi Beta Kappa (a prestigious honor society) in 1837. In this speech, Emerson urges the Harvard students to value self-reliance and never to underestimate the importance of everyday life.

Colleges and books only copy the language which the field and the work-yard made.

Emerson almost immediately mentions three main influences that should direct both scholars and all humanity: the natural world, the wisdom found in books, and the action that should be the result of the first two things. Emerson believes the natural world should be devoutly studied because it is our one true connection to the spiritual world. Only in the natural world can we begin to understand ourselves and make a connection with the divine. Next, books contain the wisdom from the past, but cannot be studied in a solitary fashion (creating “bookworms”). Emerson suggests gleaning the wisdom from books, but then venturing out into new territory. In reality, Emerson hopes that these scholars of the new “America” will create their own literature apart from the past examples from Europe.

Thinking is the function. Living is the functionary.

This last quotation advocates for the importance of action. Pondering the natural world and the literature of Europe will do no good if the scholar does not act upon what he or she learns. Emerson insists, then, that the learned scholar trust himself or herself and exhibit the self-reliance needed to find the spiritual in the smallest parts of everyday life.

How does the caste system of Maycomb affect Aunt Alexandra's place in society, her interaction with others and the way others interact with her?

As a result of her belief in the caste system of Maycomb County, Aunt Alexandra adheres to certain attitudes and behaviors.

1. Her Place in Society

Because she is from landed gentry, Aunt Alexandra feels herself superior to others, even to the point of stereotyping them.

No Crawford Minds His Own Business, Every Third Merriweather is Morbid, The Truth Is Not in the Delafields, All the Bufords Walk Like That,....

She is a lady and dresses as such (girdle, gloves); she belongs to the social groups of her societal level, performing such social functions as the Missionary Tea.

She also speaks to her brother about the children's behavior. So, having been asked to counsel them, Atticus tells Scout and Jem,

"Your aunt has asked me to try and impress upon you and Jean Louise that you are not from run-of-the-mill people, that you are the product of several generations' gentel breeding---"

When Aunt Alexandra learns that the children have been in the courtroom and have been sitting in the Colored Section, she is mortified.

2. Her Interaction with Others

Aunt Alexandra raises objects to certain situations and behaviors in Atticus's home. For instance, she disputes the important role that Calpurnia plays in the family; in fact, she urges Atticus to fire her. When she holds the Missionary Tea, she does not allow Calpurnia to make the teacakes; she is only allowed to serve the ladies.

When Scout mentions that she and Jem went to church with Calpurnia, Aunt Alexandra is appalled; further, she refuses to allow Scout to visit her home. Later, when Scout would like to have Walter Cunningham come to their house to play, Aunt Alexandra objects because the Cunninghams are not on the appropriate social level.

3. Others' Interaction with Aunt Alexandra

Her brother Atticus does not place the importance upon social standing that Alexandra does. He defends Calpurnia when Alexandra disparages her, telling her to her dismay,

"She's a faithful member of this family and you'll simply have to accept things the way they are."

At the Missionary Tea, when Mrs. Merriweather makes insulting innuendos, about Atticus, Alexandra makes no direct comment because she fears social repercussions. Instead, she leaves it to Miss Maudie to perform the rebuttal to Mrs. Merriweather's insult. Afterwards, Alexandra gives Miss Maudie "a look of pure gratitude...."

Despite her criticisms, Aunt Alexandra does love her family. She is very distraught about what the town is doing to Atticus, who defends Tom Robinson because he has been assigned the case and because it is the ethical thing to do. She tells Miss Maudie,

"It tears him to pieces....I've seen him when--what else do they want from him, Maudie, what else?"

And, despite her scolding Scout for her tomboy ways, when Scout is dressed for the tea and sitting quietly like a little lady, her aunt smiles at her. She looks at a tray of cookies, encouraging Scout to ignore the insults and pass the tray; Scout carefully picks up the tray and moves among the women emulating Aunt Alexandra's ladylike behavior.

What was Bloody Sunday? When was that?

Bloody Sunday occurred during the protests of the Civil Rights movement. It occurred on Sunday, March 7, 1965.

African-Americans were concerned about the lack of African-Americans being registered to vote throughout the South. The problem was especially severe in Selma, Alabama. African-American leaders organized a march from Selma to Montgomery to protest the lack of African-American voter registration, as well as the shooting and killing of Jimmy Lee Jackson. When the marchers began to move across the Edmond Pettus Bridge, the police met them. They police ordered them to end the march and disperse. When the police's orders were disobeyed, the police attacked the marchers. Since television stations were covering this march, the country saw footage of the police beating the protesters.

When people watched what happened, sympathy and support for the protesters increased. Two weeks later, another march was held. The country again watched this march, which was completed without incident. The Voting Rights Act was eventually passed, in part because of the events of Bloody Sunday. This law made it illegal to use poll taxes and literacy tests to deny a person the right to register to vote. It also allowed federal officials to register voters.

In Beowulf, Sir Gawain, and The Wife of Bath's tale, to what extent do the females fit a certain stereotype and how do they differ from the female...

In Beowulf, one woman shows strength within a stereotype while another woman, a "monster," assumes male characteristics that challenge typical notions of feminity. Wealhtheow, the queen of Daneland and Hrothgar's wife, fulfills a typical woman's role by acting as the hostess in the mead hall. At the same time, she shows strength and autonomy as she fulfills this prescribed position, affirming the status of the important men, and challenging the appointment of Beowulf as king rather than her own sons. In contrast, Grendel's mother breaks the stereotypic feminine mold--she is neither peacemaker nor hospitality giver but an aggressive, seemingly out-of-control, warrior. She does, however, fill the anti-feminine archetype of the devouring, castrating female.

In the Wife of Bath's tale, Guinevere plays a female role as the wife of King Arthur but also displays wisdom, insight and autonomy when she is allowed to pass judgment on the rapist knight, sentencing him to a quest meant to build his empathy for women. The Wife of Bath herself, one of the spunkiest characters in English literature, breaks stereotypes in a number of ways: she is outspoken, frank, no-nonsense, owns her own business, speaks contemptuously of some men, and tells a tale that concludes with a message that turns conventional wisdom on its head: women, she insists, want to rule their husbands, and moreover, allowing them to do so leads to happy, fulfilling marriages.

In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, both Morgan le Fay and Lady Bercilak exert power over men. It's le Fay's command to Lord Bercilak that he come to court disguised that sets the action in motion while Lady Bercilak controls Gawain through the gift of the green girdle. She also manipulates him through her understanding of his fear of death. Both women fit archetypes: Le Faye the threatening "crone" and Lady Bercilak "the temptress" who in part controls Gawain because of his physical attraction to her, but both characters also show that women can use their wits and power not simply in service of men but to exert control and manipulate events in their own favor in a male-dominated society.  

What is the theme of The Moth Signal?

The theme of the poem, “The Moth-Signal (On Egdon Heath)” by Thomas Hardy, is of broken hearts and the death of love. In the poem, a couple watches as a moth dies and burns in candle wax. Their conversation is forlorn as they speak of the transition of one season to another before the husband goes back to reading his history book thus ending the communication between the two. The wife walks outside where she meets an unknown ghostly being with whom she converses. As they speak, she expresses the thought that she might be better off dead like the ghost instead of staying in a loveless marriage. In a simile, she compares herself to the moth.

And were I as the moth is

It might be better far

For one whose marriage troth is

Shattered as potsherds are!

She feels her marriage is broken and loveless. The ghost notes that hearts are still broken as they were in his days on the earth.

How did the Boston Associates make the Lowell mills attractive to workers?

Boston Associates was a name used to describe multiple manufacturers, who established the factories in Lowell, Massachusetts.  This organization needed thousands of workers to run the machinery and do other tasks in the textile factories.  Most of these workers were women.

In order to attract female workers, Boston Associates promised high wages.  Women could earn much more money working in factories than they could teaching school, working as domestic servants, or doing other typical jobs performed by females at the time.  

Young women had to chance to live independently in Lowell, without the watchful eyes of their parents.  Though factory employees worked long hours, there were plenty of things to do in their free time.  There were lectures to attend and academic courses to take.

Traditionally, women and girls living on farms performed the tasks of spinning and weaving.  Thread and cloth were sold and traded locally.  When factories began producing affordable cloth, there was less of a demand for hand spun thread and hand woven cloth.  Women and girls working in factories could send some of their earnings home to their families.

How have Ralph's experiences on the island changed him and how does William Golding show this?

At the beginning of the story, Ralph stands in stark contrast to Jack in his calm demeanor and his eagerness to establish rules that will help the boys to get rescued. He seems to be very concerned about the other boys and is confident that his dad will come rescue them as soon as he gets some leave.

But there are several incidents that show how he changes, in particular how he loses the innocence he had at the outset of the story. The first is when he participates in the hunt and manages to wound the pig. He revels in it, showing that he too is willing to give in to the desire for violence. The second instance is when he is part of the murder of Simon. Though Ralph regrets it, he demonstrates an understanding of the blackness and despair that he feels after the party when he and Piggy and SamnEric discuss what happened.

At the close of the story, Golding uses Ralph to symbolize the loss of innocence of all the boys as he describes him weeping. Though the naval officer is there to rescue them, Ralph weeps bitterly at what he now knows about the boys and the darkness inside of them.

How do we make sure that poor people benefit from large scale infrastructure provision?

Another aspect of this is that in times past, at least in the United States, infrastructure has been created in ways that disrupt and cut off impoverished neighborhoods and that do not improve or replace crumbling infrastructure in poor areas.  Belts are built through and around cities that literally marginalize the poor.  I have seen crumbling bridges and roads more in impoverished places, in my city and in others. And in addition to roads and bridges, water and sewerage are infrastructure, too. We have seen what has happened in Flint, Michigan, and the problem exists in many older American cities, far more in poor neighborhoods than in wealthy ones.  The problem of the water in Rio right now is another example.  Gas and electric lines are a problem, too.  Wealthy people will often reside in areas where all the utility lines are underground, so when there is severe weather, they experience no loss of utilities, while those in poor neighborhoods lose their electric and gas because of that infrastructure problem.  

Who is addressed by the term "some people" in Boyne's The Boy in the Striped Pajamas?

The answer to your question is that Mother often refers to the superiors in the Nazi government (and sometimes specifically Hitler) as "some people."  Mother uses this particular term to express her dissatisfaction with how Bruno's family is being treated (and specifically how the family is being ordered around).  There are a couple of quotations that prove this. 

We don’t have the luxury of thinking. ... Some people make all the decisions for us. We will just have to make the best of a bad situation.

This quotation contains a candid moment between Mother and Bruno.  Bruno has expressed his unhappiness about the new living situation.  Mother obviously agrees.  Bruno has just told mother that he "thinks" that they should simply move back home to Berlin.  Mother then makes the comment above.  Here mother admits it is a "bad situation" living near Auschwitz and that "thinking" is a dangerous activity in the Nazi regime.  Only the Nazis with real power are allowed to "make all the decisions."

We should never have let the Fury come to dinner ... some people and their determination to get ahead!

Here we have the proof that "some people" can possibly be in reference to Hitler himself.  "The Fury" is Bruno's mispronunciation of "the Führer."  It is only after Hitler invites himself to dinner that the family is moved away from Berlin.  In Chapter 5, Bruno shares the memory of Mother's words expressing her disapproval.  

In the play The Crucible, were the Puritans good or bad? What was ironic about their actions?

It can be difficult to assign simplistic descriptions such as "good" or "bad" to human behavior; most people's actions fall somewhere between these two extremes. However, literature, and dramatic literature in particular, seeks to illuminate the human experience by portraying ordinary people in extreme situations. The Crucible was intended as a commentary upon contemporary events (the McCarthy hearings and the blacklisting that followed); but it also manages to shed light upon the Salem Witch Trials by portraying the human angle of what we know from recorded history.

Dramatic literature also works with themes, to help emphasize certain ideas, and one of the strongest themes in this play is one of hypocrisy. Though the residents of Salem are primarily Puritans in their beliefs, their behavior belies the vaunted morality of their religion. Puritanism was a fairly extreme sect of Christianity that was discriminated against in England where it originated; the Puritans sought to live by the words of scripture, and wanted to remove elements of Catholicism such as additional liturgy, ceremonies or rituals not found in the Bible. Therein lies one example of irony: in finding Catholic practices perverse or sinful, some of the Puritans of Salem became obsessed with the supernatural, in particular communion with Satan, and in these superstitious obsessions the rumors of witchcraft were born.

The "good" or "bad" behavior of the residents of Salem Village, as portrayed in the play, shows that some people claim to be pious but engage in many different sinful activities, the worst of which is lying. The girls who accuse their neighbors of witchcraft lie repeatedly, both in and out of the courtroom. There is also the suggestion of dishonesty among the magistrates. Even when people do not intentionally lie, their willingness to believe accusations against their neighbors belies their Puritanical practices.

It seems that some of the characters portrayed (most of them based on actual people) were truly good and pious individuals. Rebecca Nurse was one such person; a kind and pious woman, she refused to confess to being a witch when accused by the girls. Giles Corey was known to be opinionated but honest, and also refused to confess when accused. John Proctor was stubborn and outspoken, and even though he admitted to committing adultery in court, he refused to sign his name to a false confession to save his own life. All three of these people, in refusing to lie to save themselves, exemplify what was "good" in their religious outlook, even as they ironically were accused of, and executed for, the "crime" of witchcraft.

What happened to William's new home in the book The Witch of Blackbird Pond?

Nat and his friends light jack-o-lanterns in William’s house.

Nat has a thing for Kit, but she is not really aware of it.  She is considering marrying William Ashby because he is wealthy and respected and she is trying to fit into her new society.  He is building her a house.  Nat uses the house to send both of them a message.

I am sorry to tell you, Katherine, that your friend William Ashby seems to have been the only one singled out for their insulting prank."

Kit dared not ask the question, but her uncle went on. "They illuminated his house," he told them gravely. (Ch. 16)

Rachel assumes that “illuminated” means that they burned the house down.  However, it was a more harmless prank than that.  The sailors did not do any actual lasting damage.  That’s what makes what they did an “insulting prank” rather than a more serious crime.

"No. They well might have. They put lanterns in the window frames that are waiting for the new panes. Lanterns made out of pumpkin heads, with candles inside, and unholy faces cut in the sides to show the light." (Ch. 16)

Although it was just a bunch of silly jack-o-lanterns, the Puritans take it very seriously.  To them it is the same as inviting the devil into their town. All Hallows Eve or Halloween are not practiced in their culture.  In fact, they are so devoutly religious that they celebrate hardly anything at all.

Kit thinks it is funny, but her uncle calls the jack-o-lanterns “the devil's invention.”  He tells them it is “blasphemy” and the sailors will be dealt with severely.  In fact, the boys are put in the stocks and threatened with whipping if they do not leave town and never come back.  This upsets Kit a lot, because she really does like Nat.

In engaging in agenda setting, priming, and framing, the news media areA. telling the public what to think.B. holding politicians accountable.C....

When the media engages in agenda setting, priming, and framing, they are mainly telling the public what to think about.

The media is able to set the agenda by determining what stories it reports. It is hard for people in the public at large to think about things if they do not know that those things are happening.  The media can set the agenda by deciding what stories to publicize.

Priming is a similar process.  If the media writes or broadcasts many stories about an upcoming event, people will be primed to be interested in that event.   They will think that it is important and they will pay attention when it does.

Framing also helps determine what we will think about.  It helps determine the framework through which we will view a given issue.  For example, it cannot tell us what to think about the Planned Parenthood shooting in Colorado this past weekend, but it can tell us that we should be thinking about this in terms of the debate over funding for Planned Parenthood.

In these ways, the media does not really tell us what to think, but it does help to influence what we think about.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of single entry bookkeeping?

Single entry bookkeeping is a simple accounting system that allows only a single entry of each of the accounting transactions into the record.  It is used in small businesses or simple applications and it does not call for the keeping of ledgers or journals.

Advantages:

• Single entry bookkeeping is not only easy to understand but also easy to implement, track and maintain. There are no fixed principles to be followed when performing financial transactions.


• Single entry bookkeeping is an economical accounting system as the recording of financial transactions does not call for the hiring of highly skilled accounting professionals.


• Profits can be easily determined in single entry bookkeeping by a comparison between the closing and the opening balance of the given period.

Disadvantages:

• Single entry bookkeeping is prone to error and fraud, as it does not aid in the checking of arithmetical accuracy of financial information.


• The lack of a guiding set of principles for performing financial transactions make single entry bookkeeping unsystematic and therefore unscientific as it is not standardized.


• The recording of only one aspect of the financial transactions makes single entry bookkeeping an incomplete system.

What is Roy's role in Hoot?

Roy is the protagonist in Hoot -- that is, he is the main character. However, it is important to note that this novel also tells the stories of Curly Branitt and Officer Delinko. But the story begins and ends with Roy.

Roy plays an important role in the action of the novel. Although some of the story would have progressed without Roy, the owls probably would not have been saved and the pancake house probably would have been built if Roy wasn't involved. Because Roy showed an interest in Mullet Fingers, even giving him a pair of his own shoes, Beatrice knows she can trust Roy to help her step-brother when he needs it. Without Roy's help in getting Mullet Fingers to the emergency room for his infected arm, the running boy may have died. When Roy learns about Mullet Fingers' crusade to save the owls, he decides to join him. Roy is the one who researches the owls to discover they are a protected species. His father picks up on Roy's interest and does some investigating himself, discovering that the Environmental Impact Statement is missing from the company's official file at city hall. Thus, the Mother Paula's company is embroiled in scandal and scraps its plans to build a pancake house in Coconut Cove, even going so far as to donate $50,000 to a wildlife charity. Another improvement Roy makes to his community is in standing up to the bully Dana Matherson and setting him up to be arrested. 

Roy is crucial to the development of the story's theme. He is the one who chooses to get involved rather than ignore issues that most people don't take notice of. His persistence and passion for justice show that an everyday citizen, even a young person, can bring positive change to his community by getting involved and standing up for what's right. 

In the story "The Last Leaf," Behrman is described to be a fierce little old man who scoffs at the softness in anyone. Still he is seen to be the...

O. Henry had to introduce Behrman to the reader and explain that he is a painter, but the author did not want to arouse any suspicion that Behrman might get the idea of painting an ivy leaf on the wall of the building next door in order to keep Johnsy alive. O. Henry solved this problem by creating some confusion about Behrman's character. 

• Behrman speaks broken English, so it is difficult to understand him.


• Behrman is a heavy drinker of gin, which can and does make him somewhat befuddled and incoherent.


• Behrman contradicts himself very conspicuously. For instance, he tells Sue that he will not pose for her as the old hermit, and then he says that he is ready to pose for her. "No, I will not bose as a model for your fool hermit-dunderhead." “Who said I will not bose? Go on. I come mit you. For half an hour I haf peen trying to say dot I am ready to bose."


• Behrman is temperamental and changeable. This is undoubtedly part of his artistic temperament.


• Behrman has not yet decided what he is going to do to help Johnsy during the scenes with Sue.

There has to be a painter in the story, and he has to be someone who loves both Sue and Johnsy. Behrman is that painter, but O. Henry wants to save his surprise ending and not let the reader suspect that this Behrman will do something to save Johnsy. Behrman says that Johnsy's idea that she will die when the last leaf falls is foolishness. But he does not really believe that. He says things he doesn't believe. Sue says the same thing to Johnsy, but Sue doesn't really mean it. She is afraid Johnsy will die when the last leaf falls.

Neither one of these characters is a doctor. They have no idea whether Johnsy can die when the leaf falls. The reader has no idea whether such a thing is possible either, but the reader becomes fully convinced that Johnsy is going to die when that last leaf falls and that there is no way the leaf can continue clinging to the vine in that weather. Behrman may say that Johnsy's idea is nonsense, but he obviously doesn't mean what he is saying. This is proved by the fact that he drags a long ladder over to the other building, climbs up the wall, and paints a perfect representation of an ivy leaf. The reader only realizes after the fact that Behrman was not expressing himself truthfully or accurately in his broken English. The old man brooded over the problem while drinking gin in his room and then, in the middle of the night, decided on what he would do.

There are people who pooh-pooh anything sentimental or unrealistic but are sentimental and idealistic themselves. They seem to be trying to suppress their own feelings because they have been taught to be strong and brave and not to show weakness and fear. This may be a particularly Germanic trait. 

It should be noted that O. Henry intentionally negates the possibility that Johnsy might have a lover who is a painter, which would immediately suggest that the lover might get the idea of painting an ivy leaf on the wall to save his girl. O. Henry wants to stay as far away as possible from the idea of anybody painting such a fake leaf. He wants this to come as a surprise, but he can't spring it without some clue that it might happen. It has to seem logical and plausible. When the doctor asks if Sue might have a boyfriend, Sue dismisses that possibility emphatically:

“A man?” said Sue, with a jew's-harp twang in her voice. “Is a man worth—but, no, doctor; there is nothing of the kind.”

If Johnsy did have a boyfriend he might very well be a painter--and O. Henry wants to negate any suspicion that a boyfriend might somehow save the sick girl.

O. Henry shows his remarkable talent in introducing Behrman without really introducing him completely. The author does something similar in his story "After Twenty Years." O. Henry introduces Jimmy Wells without letting the reader know that this uniformed policeman is really Jimmy Wells. The reader, like "Silky" Bob himself, does not discover this fact until the very end.

What are the points to include in a literary appreciation?

The term "literary appreciation" requires analysis of how an author uses form, structure and technique to create meaning in combination with well reasoned and soundly supported personal opinion in relation to a literary work. It melds minimal description and analysis of a work with your own personal response.

In education, literary appreciation can be used for assignments at various academic levels and is a critical part of the Cambridge IGCSE exams taken by students up to 19 years old in which they are asked to respond to a work in a way that blends critical literary thinking with the development of insights about the author's meaning--as expressed through form, structure and techniques--in relation to people and cultures. 

Along with theme, a good starting point for this genre is to look at the characters in the literary work and what they learn and experience as the work progresses. As well as thinking about their experiences, examine how the author gives you an idea of the moral and psychological natures of the characters. You might mention any details which are especially effective in displaying character and the relationship between the narrator and the characters

Next, you should cover a carefully developed opinion, based on many quotations about the work, and what you have learned from your reading and how you can apply it to your own life. For example, the plot of Pride and Prejudice might make you think about the reasons why you shouldn't judge people quickly and superficially or George Orwell's 1984 might make you think about the relationship between language and truth. 

What are the consequences of Ravi's actions in "Games at Twilight" by Anita Desai?

Ravi's first major action that has consequences is his decision to stay hidden for a very long time.  The consequence is that all of the other kids forget about Ravi.  Ravi is out of sight for so long, that he simply is out of the minds of everybody else. If anybody remembered that Ravi was playing, they likely assumed that he went back inside.  

Eventually Ravi removed himself from his hiding spot and sneaked back to the den in order to claim victory.  

With a whimper he burst through the crack, fell on his knees, got up, and stumbled on stiff, benumbed legs across the shadowy yard, crying heartily by the time he reached the veranda so that when he flung himself at the white pillar and bawled, "Den! Den! Den!''

The consequence of Ravi waiting so long and having everybody forget about him is that no other children even believe that Ravi officially won.  They think he is trying to cheat his way to victory.  Or they think that he is being a baby about losing and now trying to claim some shallow victory.  

"Raghu didn’t find me. I won, I won——'' It took them a minute to grasp what he was saying, even who he was. They had quite forgotten him. Raghu had found all the others long ago. . . Having disappeared from the scene, he had disappeared from their minds. Clean.

"Don’t be a fool,'' Raghu said roughly, pushing him aside, and even Mira said, "Stop howling, Ravi. If you want to play, you can stand at the end of the line,'' and she put him there very firmly.

Regardless of what the other children really think, Ravi's actions have not won him any respect from his peers.  If anything, Ravi's credibility has been hurt. Additionally, Ravi begins to spiral into a bit of a depressed pity party for himself.  

But he had been forgotten, left out, and he would not join them now. The ignominy of being forgotten—how could he face it? He felt his heart go heavy and ache inside him unbearably. He lay down full length on the damp grass, crushing his face into it, no longer crying, silenced by a terrible sense of his insignificance.

He organized the first attempted British settlement in the New World

The man who organised the first attempt at a British settlement of the colonies was Sir Walter Raleigh. He was a politician and courtier who wanted to settle America so as to extend England's land under Queen Elizabeth I. Raleigh's brother, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, had already sailed across the Atlantic Ocean and claimed Newfoundland. Walter Raleigh wanted to extend his borther's work by  founding a permanent settlement of English people. Raleigh named the intended American lands Virginia, after his queen, but did not sail with the colonists when they left England on April 27 1584. Instead, he selected Captain John White to lead the expedition and another 150 men and women accompanied him. They landed in present-day South Carolina at Roanoke but famously vanished in 1590. 

How long is the Meadhall closed in Beowulf?

Line 62 of Part II reads,

Twelve years did the Scyldings' sovereign bear this trouble, having many woes and unending travails

and indicates that Grendel, a monster who has made his home in a subterranean region near to the Heorot Hall, Danish King Hrothgar's mead hall, becomes disturbed by the presence of the warriors who eat and drink, and he takes extended actions against the warriors. Finally, in the night he goes to the hall, curious to discover what they do when they finish their drinking. When he sees them sprawled fast asleep and unsuspecting of any trouble, Grendel capitalizes on the situation and "snatches" up thirty men, crushing them, and carrying their bloodied bodies back to his lair. Waging war on the Danes, he returns the next night and again and again, killing more men; he returns until Herot Hall is empty: "So he reigned in terror and raged nefariously against one and all until that majestic building stood empty."

                    ...Though he lived
In Heorot, when the night hid him, he never
Dared to touch king Hrothgar's glorious
Throne, protected by God--God,
Whose love Grendel could not know. (II, 81-85)

Hrothgar is feckless (unable to achieve anything) against this monster because Grendel will not take ransom or any bribes as other (normal) medieval warriors would. It is not until Beowulf hears of Hrothgar's plight and decides that he will go to help the Danish leader that changes occur at Heorot, having been empty those long twelve years. 

Mike is mixing paint for his walls. He mixes 1/6 gallon blue paint and 5/8 gallon green paint in the large container. What fraction represents...

Blue paint which mike mixes = 1/6

Green paint that mike mixes = 5/8

Total quantity of paint = 1/6 + 5/8

To add these two, we have to make their denominator same, for this take LCM of denominators 6, 8

Their LCM will be 24, now divide 24 by denominator of each fraction and multiply it with numerator...

(1×4+5×3)/24 = (4+15)/24 = 19/24

19/24 is the fraction of paint in the total mixture.

Rest, that is,1-19/24 = (24-19)/24 = 5/24 may be thinner or other chemical

With what event does the diary open?

Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl opens with Anne's birthday, for which she received the diary which she's writing her story in. Anne says of Kitty, the name she gives to her diary, that she was "one of [her] nicer presents." Anne talks about her excitement for her birthday, rising early and having to wait for her parents to get up. She talks about her other presents and the special attention she gets at school from her friends and getting to pick the class game.

In this initial entry, Anne is the epitome of a typical 14-year-old girl, excited for her birthday, eager to share her thoughts and feelings on paper that seems to understand her and won't judge her. She is incredibly relatable in these first entries, which makes her experience in hiding and eventual ending of her story all the more surprising and horrible. 

Use a graph to find approximate x-coordinates of the points of intersection of the given curves. Then find...

 The red curve refers to the graph of the first function:  while the the the blue curve refers to the graph of the second function:  .

As shown in the xy-plane, the two graphs intersect , approximately, at the following points:  (0,0) and (0.9,0.65).

  Based on these intersection points, the limits of integration with respect to x will be from x= 0 to x=0.9.

The formula for the " Area between Two Curves" is:

A= 

such that on the interval of [a,b].

This is the same as A = 

where the bounded area is in between  and .

Applying the formula on the given problem, the integration will be:

A = 

   =

   = 

    =-0.4628472164 - (-0.5)

   = -0.4628472164  + 0.5

   = 0.03715278360

    0.0372  as the Area of the region bounded by the curves shown above.

What are some common beliefs about happiness?

Beliefs about happiness have changed over the 5,000 years of written history and different beliefs have been common in different societies. Many philosophers have defined happiness as absence of pain. Aristotle thinks that:

Happiness is an activity involving both moral and intellectual virtue. Some external goods are necessary in order to exercise that activity. But happiness cannot be identified with pleasure, wealth, or honor—unlike what most people think.

Another way to think about happiness is in terms of Maslow's "hierarchy of needs." On the most basic level, we have physical needs and desires. It is difficult to be happy if one is sick or starving or cold, but being comfortable and enjoying physical sensations such as eating a favorite food or swimming in the ocean can be pleasant. On an emotional level, feeling physically threatened while living in a war zone or being in an abusive relationship can make you unhappy, while a positive family environment and a general feeling of security can increase your happiness. Most of us enjoy having friends and also enjoy successes at work or school.

Recent studies show interesting information about happiness. It tends to vary with age, with people in their late sixties and earlier seventies being the happiest. While people living in extreme poverty can be unhappy, money beyond what is necessary for comfort relative to the standards of one's community does not bring additional happiness. Experiences, such as travel, make us happier than possessions. Giving to charity and helping other people produces happiness while simply accumulating wealth does not. Religious people tend to be happier than people who are not religious. 

What are 5 things that you know about Ruth? Explain how Isabel feels about Ruth, and support with a quote.

1. Ruth is Isabel's sister. 


2. Ruth is five years old.  


3. Ruth is "simple."  Her mental development is stunted in some way.  Readers are not sure exactly what the issue is, but Ruth's condition is obvious to others.  Madam Lockton asks Isabel about Ruth being simple, and Madam Lockton only had to see Ruth.  Perhaps Ruth has Down syndrome.  That would explain why Ruth's physical characteristics alert people to her mental disability. Having Down syndrome would also give Ruth a predisposition to having seizures.    


4. Ruth suffers from seizures.


5. Ruth is a hard worker.

Isabel is fiercely protective of Ruth.  That stems partly from the fact that Ruth is her sister, but it is also because Isabel knows that Ruth needs to be looked after more than normal.  That's because Ruth is young, and because she is mentally handicapped.  Isabel is willing to put herself in harm's way in order to protect Ruth.  For example, the first time that Ruth has a seizure in front of Madam Lockton, the Madam believes that Ruth is possessed by the Devil.  Madam Lockton begins beating Ruth with a broom, and Isabel throws herself on top of Ruth in order to protect her from the blows.  

"Out, Devil!" Madam shouted as she again raised the broom over her head.  

"No!" I threw myself on top of my sister.  The broom came down on my back, once, twice, but it didn't matter. I had to keep her safe until the storm passed. 

The people in Percy's life have changed and Percy realizes things are not as they seem. Grover turned into a Satyr. Explain Grover before and after...

In Percy Jackson and the Olympians: The Lightning Thief by Rick Riordan, two of the main characters are Percy Jackson and Grover Underwood, Percy’s best friend. When they are at a museum on a school trip, Percy is attacked by a Fury, and uses a pen, which turns into a sword, to fight. However, he faints and wakes up to find that he is Poseidon’s son; his friend Grover is a satyr, half human, half goat. Grover, who is very sensitive, can smell monsters and sense people’s emotions. He is Percy’s protector, and must watch out for him. If he successfully protects Percy, he can get his searcher’s license.

As time goes on Grover makes some mistakes, like not bringing Percy back safe and sound the night the Minotaur attacks. However, despite the mistakes he makes, he does get Percy and Annabeth home safely. Beyond this, he longs to find Pan, which is a risky quest and from which no other satyrs have come back alive. Although he has fumbled along at points, his greatest strength is his ability to read emotions. Grover relates to Percy because they are both outsiders and they need each other. In addition, they are connected by an empathy link, which makes their relationship that much closer.

What is the significance of the two dinner guests in Chapter 7 of Saint Maybe?

In Chapter Seven, Daphne and her siblings, Agatha and Thomas, think that it is time for their uncle Ian to be married. In order to accomplish this aim, Daphne concocts an excuse to ask her teacher, the beauteous Miss Ariana Pennington, to dinner. First, she maneuvers Ian into attending the parent-teacher conference at her school. Then, before Ian's conference with Miss Pennington ends, Daphne asks to have her teacher to dinner. Put on the spot, Ian can do nothing but agree to the mad scheme.

On the day of the dinner, however, Daphne and her siblings are frustrated to find that their uncle has also invited two other guests, Sister Harriet and Mr. Kitt, from his church. During the dinner, Ian further disappoints the children when he pays scant attention to Daphne's gorgeous teacher. Whenever Miss Pennington tries to engage him in conversation, Ian responds without any hint of the characteristic charm and masculine grace that he has come to be known for. The evening ends disastrously when Daphne accuses Sister Harriet of having designs on her uncle Ian.

The children know that Ian holds them responsible for the ill-fated events of the evening. However, they comfort themselves in the knowledge that Ian is not one to hold grudges. Ian, for his part, realizes that his nieces and nephew care very much about his happiness. However, he finds it difficult to forgive himself for misguided impulses in the past which led to the death of his older brother and sister-in-law. Throughout the years, he has also struggled to forgive the duo for his present predicament.

Presumably, Ian invited the two guests as a form of self-preservation and a buffer against his ambivalence; although he wants to marry and to be able to have his own family, Ian feels obligated to live a life of atonement. In this penitential existence, life must involve nothing more than complete dedication to the welfare of his nieces and nephew. We see evidence of this in Chapter Six in the exchange between Jeannie and Ian. Jeannie is deeply interested in pursuing a relationship with Ian, but Ian rebuffs her advances and her rationale for developing a life apart from his charges. So, the two guests represent Ian's emotional paralysis and mental doubts about his right to pursue his own interests in the face of his past sins.

It is also obvious that Ian thinks finding a woman who will accept and embrace all three children will be a near impossibility. He believes that only a 'Church Maiden' from the Church of Second Chance can uniquely fill this penitential, maternal role he has envisioned for himself and any future bride.

In his daydreams...he... found a lovely, golden-haired girl sitting just ahead. She would be so intent on the sermon that she wouldn't even look his way...They had the most proper courtship...They would marry at Second Chance with Reverend Emmett officiating. She would love the three children as much as if they were hers and stay home forever after to tend them. The Church Maiden, Ian called her in his mind.

The average weight of an American male was 166 pounds. By 2002, the average weight of an American male increased to 191 pounds. Using...

Newtown's Second Law of Motion describes the relationship between the amount of force on an object, the objects mass and acceleration. The equation for this is . This means that the amount of force on an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by the acceleration. An increase in acceleration or mass means an increase in force.

Using this knowledge, we can see how the increase of the average weight of American males can greatly impact roller coaster safety. The main method of propulsion for a roller coaster car is gravity. The acceleration from gravity stays relatively constant at about 9.8 meters per second squared ( ). While the actual acceleration of the first drop of the roller coaster will be considerably less because it is not a straight drop, we will use this number for the example of what happens as passenger mass increases.

Force for the initial American male weight (converted to kg):

Force for the 2002 average American male weight (converted into kg):

There is a 110.74 N difference in force for one person. When considering roller coaster safety, also consider also that a roller coaster car has many people in it, increasing the overall mass of the car by several times that amount. The increase in force can have negative impacts on the passengers and will make more advanced deceleration systems during the coasting phase of the roller coaster necessary. The cars themselves will have to be structurally capable of withstanding the additional force. Also, tracks will have to be monitored for signs of early wear due to the additional force, especially around curves where it will be more pronounced due to the change in direction.  

What was the main problem that Europeans encountered when sailing in the 1400's? Thanks in advance

During the 1400s, explorers went out into the unchartered waters, despite the numerous harsh conditions they experienced. In the 1400s, many countries wanted to find a faster and more convenient way to trade with India; thus, they sent out explorers to see if they could find a way from the West. These explorers overcame many barriers, including insufficient knowledge about the ocean, inadequate food supplies, and disease.

Foremost, the European explorers lacked adequate knowledge about the ocean. During this time period, many individuals thought that the ocean was actually much smaller than it actually is. For example, they did not know that the Americas existed or even Australia. Furthermore, they did not have any maps of the area and were forced to rely on sailor’s tales about the water or weather.

Subsequently, the explorers lacked sufficient food supplies for the sailors. As a result of the ocean being much larger than they originally believed, the ships lacked ample food to get the sailors all the way around to India. As a result, the sailors were forced to eat whatever they could find (including the rats on the ship).

As a result of the poor food supplies and bad living conditions, much disease and sickness plagued the sailors. Scurvy was a common sickness that afflicted the sailors, which originates from a lack of Vitamin C. Unfortunately, many of the sailors died from the diseases and sicknesses simply because there was inadequate supplies to treat or prevent them.

Consequently, numerous hardships arose for explorers during the 1400s. Although the idea of adventure and exploration excited many, the hardship of travelling in such poor conditions caused many recruits to be the ones desperate enough to make the journey. Fortunately, some explorers were able to overcome these odds and discover the New World (America) and make it back home safely.

What are the sociological reasons for racial discrimination in the United States?

Your question asks about the sociological reasons for racial discrimination, which, before answering, I want to expand upon by distinguishing them from the psychological reasons for discrimination. While psychological reasons for discrimination can be generalized and applied to understanding discrimination of all kinds and against all racial groups, the sociological reasons for discrimination are dependent on context and history, and differ for each racial group.

Psychological reasons for discrimination come from built-in human biases. For example, humans tend to perceive people within their own racial (or other!) group more favorably than those outside of their racial group, and tend to give people within their own group preferential treatment. This bias is called the in-group bias, and is one of many types of biases that lead to racial prejudice--irrational, negative judgments based on stereotypes of people from other racial groups. Prejudice, in turn, leads to discrimination, the preferential treatment of one racial group over another. While prejudice is a mental state, discrimination is an action.

These psychological reasons intersect and combine with the unique historical and sociological circumstances of each oppressed racial group and its oppressors. While the biases that make up the psychological reasons for discrimination might be common across all humans, the sociological reasons for racial discrimination differ between, for example, African-Americans, Latinos, and Jews. In the case of African-Americans, for example, sociological reasons for discrimination are informed by the history of African slavery, Jim Crow laws, class-based rivalry between poor whites and poor blacks, the war on drugs, and the prison-industrial complex. This history provides the backdrop for racial discrimination that continues today.

Each of these groups’ histories, and each of the historical circumstances mentioned above merit their own answers (if not their own books!), so I will attach some further resources for you. Thanks for a great question!

How are Jem and Scout greeted at Calpurnia's church?

Calpurnia's church is called First Purchase African M. E. and it is named "First Purchase" because it was paid for with the first earnings of freed slaves. When Cal, Jem, and Scout first arrive, they are greeted with respect. The men step back to open the path to the door and they take off their hats. The women cross their arms at their waists. These are all signs/gestures of respect. As Cal, Scout, and Jem walk to the door, Cal greets many of the parishioners. 

Only Lula has a problem with Cal bringing white children to a black church. Lula actively blocks their path. Cal responds, saying the children are her company and that, black or white, it's the same God. Lula backs down and Zeebo says to Jem, "we’re mighty glad to have you all here. Don’t pay no ‘tention to Lula, she’s contentious because Reverend Sykes threatened to church her. She’s a troublemaker from way back, got fancy ideas an’ haughty ways—we’re mighty glad to have you all." 

Reverend Sykes greets them and leads them to the front pew. Reverend Sykes even makes an announcement to publicly welcome Scout and Jem. He notes how they all know Atticus, and the unspoken gesture suggests that they respect Atticus. So, overall, Scout and Jem are greeted with open arms at First Purchase. Only Lula thinks that churches should be absolutely segregated. 

What did the North and the South think of Abraham Lincoln?

The North and the South had very different views of Abraham Lincoln. The South had very negative views of his political ideas. President Lincoln made it clear that he was against slavery. He clearly didn’t want it to spread beyond where it already existed. He did, however, say he would allow slavery to exist where it already existed if it would keep the country together. The South didn’t trust Abraham Lincoln. When he won the election of 1860, many southerners were convinced he was going to get rid of slavery. They viewed his ideas as a threat to the entire southern way of life. Abraham Lincoln didn’t win any southern states in the election of 1860. Seven southern states seceded from the Union immediately after Abraham Lincoln won the election. Eventually, four more southern states also left the Union.

The North was very supportive of Abraham Lincoln. More northerners were against slavery. Northerners definitely didn’t want slavery to spread. If slavery spread, this would give the South more power in Congress. Northerners believed Abraham Lincoln’s ideas about slavery, and especially about the spread of slavery, were very good ideas. He received a great deal of support from the North in the election of 1860.

Both regions had very different views about Abraham Lincoln because each region had different views about slavery and the spread of it.

What is a summary of Chapter 5 of the fifth edition of Artistry, Choice, and Leadership?

Chapter 5: Organizing Groups and Teams.

This chapter opens with a detailed description of two real instances of teams working successfully together: the SEAL team that took out Osama bin Laden, and a medical team who performed a last-minute kidney transplant. These examples set the tone for the chapter and explain why a good organization for a group or team really matters. When a group performs well together, the authors assert, any individuals' talents are heightened. And when a group performs poorly, it can destroy any positive effects that individuals working alone may have had. 

The main idea of the chapter is then explained: that if you know how to restructure a group or team effectively, you can dramatically improve the performance of the group.

Next, the text offers options for organizing teams. The point is that how you organize the team should be relevant to the task they are responsible for, and you must take into consideration the group's goal(s) and any skills or talents that the individual members have. You might arrange a group with a single boss, multiple bosses, a simple hierarchy, a circle network (with each member reporting to others,) or an "all-channel network" in which each member reports to each other member.

After that, the authors discuss how different situations call for different relationships among members of teams and groups. In baseball, football, and basketball, the team members relate to each other in different ways for different reasons. Again, it's the goal and the situation that must determine how team members relate to one another.

The chapter starts to wrap up as the authors list characteristics of high-performing teams: Demands or opportunities shape the purpose of teams; teams set and achieve specific, measurable goals; teams are no larger than 25 people; team members are all committed to working together; and team members feel responsible for meeting their goals.

The chapter concludes with a brief exploration of why self-managed teams may be a good idea in some situations but not others. Although they can be very effective and can build morale among team members, it can be difficult to get these groups started and to identify the resources they need to accomplish their goals. The authors discuss some examples from the world of business (Saturn and General Motors) to illustrate these concepts.

What do rats symbolize in the book 1984?

Rats symbolize Winston’s biggest fear. He has an unnatural terror of them. We first witness this in the “shabby little room” above Mr. Charrington’s shop. Julia casually mentions seeing a rat in the room. When Julia begins describing the way rats attack babies in the London streets, Winston cries “DON’T GO ON!” and says, “Of all the horrors in the world—a rat!” At the end of the novel, when O’Brien threatens to let a large, hungry brown rat devour his face, this is enough to cause Winston to betray (rat out?) his beloved, screaming to O’Brien, “Do it to Julia!”

Since Winston Smith symbolizes Everyman, or the ordinary person, the rats represent whatever deepest fear lurks inside a person's heart. Orwell undermines the heroic gesture by saying that our deepest fears are stronger than our deepest love or deepest loyalty. In the end, we can all be broken; we can all betray our deepest ideals. But at the same time, Orwell never condemns Winston and Julia for their violation of each other, seeming to understand that every human has a limit to what he or she can endure.

Explain the use of allusion in Stave One of A Christmas Carol. Thank you

The main allusion in Stave One of Charles Dickens’ A Christmas Carol is to Prince Hamlet from Shakespeare’s play ‘Hamlet.” In this case, the allusion is a reference to another piece of literature which increases the reader’s understanding of the current reading. Dickens alludes to the fact that in the play, Prince Hamlet'd father is dead before the play begins. The reader must understand this so that Hamlet's father's ghost is a believable, influential character.This allusion helps the reader understand the importance of believing that Jacob Marley is dead. Dickens goes to great lengths to have the reader believe this so that the ghost of Jacob Marley a credible character who comes to Scrooge from his past. Jacob Marley's ghost presents itself to Scrooge before the three apparitions take him through his past, present, and future in order to remind him of past transgressions, and to teach him the lesson that he can repair his life. 

How does Jem Finch change throughout the novel To Kill A Mockingbird?

At the beginning of the novel, Jem is an immature ten-year-old boy who is fascinated with his reclusive neighbor. Jem believes the rumors that surround Boo Radley and attempts to get a look at Boo through his window. Jem also ridicules Scout for being a "girl" and is insensitive towards her feelings. Jem also loses his temper after Mrs. Dubose makes derogatory comments about his father. As the novel progresses, Jem matures and begins to be more sympathetic towards his sister's feelings. Jem's infatuation with Boo Radley ends as he begins developing into a morally upright person. Jem loses his childhood innocence after witnessing Tom's wrongful conviction and becomes jaded with Maycomb's prejudiced community members. Witnessing Tom's conviction impacts Jem's perspective and ability to empathize with others. He becomes increasingly sensitive towards the needs of others and begins acting more like Atticus. By the end of the novel, Jem is no longer a naive child. Jem develops into a compassionate adolescent with an acute perspective of the world around him. 

What event most changed Scrooge during the visits of the three spirits?

Scrooge experiences a dramatic change of perspective, what one could even call an epiphany (which is an appropriate word given the Christmas setting), by the end of this story. The visits from the three spirits each bring significant realizations and changes, so it is difficult to choose one as the most important. But I think there are three moments which stand out for the deep impact they have upon Scrooge. First, the moment during the visit from the Ghost of Christmas Present when he sees Tiny Tim for the first time and feels a jolt of compassion.

The other two moments occur during the visit from the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come. He sees a tombstone with Tiny Tim's name and his family grieving; Scrooge feels indirectly responsible for Tiny Tim's death, knowing that the Cratchit family's misfortune is linked to their poverty, which he is in a position to change.

He is then shown his own tombstone, and it is in this moment, catalyzed by fear of death, and regret for all his past misdeeds and all he has left undone, that he vows to change.

"Spirit!" he cried, tight clutching at its robe, "hear me! I am not the man I was. I will not be the man I must have been but for this intercourse. Why show me this, if I am past all hope!" 

For the first time the hand appeared to shake. 

"Good Spirit," he pursued, as down upon the ground he fell before it: "Your nature intercedes for me, and pities me. Assure me that I yet may change these shadows you have shown me, by an altered life!" 

   The kind hand trembled. 

"I will honour Christmas in my heart, and try to keep it all the year. I will live in the Past, the Present, and the Future. The Spirits of all Three shall strive within me. I will not shut out the lessons that they teach."

After this, Scrooge awakens from what may have been a dream (the novel does not clarify if these visitations were real or a dream, but it hardly matters since the impact on Scrooge is suitably powerful) and is utterly changed. He decides to seize the opportunity to do good. he runs into the street shouting "Merry Christmas!" to everyone who passes by, and his greeting is returned warmly. He tells a passing boy to go and by the huge Christmas goose hanging in a shop and to have it delivered to the Cratchit house. He offers Cratchit a raise in salary, and also offers to help financially with Tiny Tim's illness.

We learn that Scrooge did indeed turn his life around, that Tiny Tim did not die, and that Scrooge continues to honor Christmas with joy and celebration. The opportunity to change his life is one that is inspired by the dream/vision of the spirits, but that ultimately comes from Scrooge himself.

Why is Anne's nightgown skimpy?

As Anne prepares for bed on her first night in the Cuthbert home, Marilla asks her if she owns a nightgown.  Anne answers that she actually has two nightgowns, each handmade by the "matron of the asylum."  Anne describes her two nightgowns as "fearfully skimpy."  Skimpy can mean revealing or meager.  In Anne's description, she is calling her nightgowns meager and simple.  She goes on to tell Marilla that skimpy nightgowns are common in poor orphanages like the one she was at because "there is never enough to go around."  She continues talking after her description of her pitiful nightgown situation with no response from Marilla.  Idealistic Anne then describes the type of nightgown that she wishes she owned.  Anne's dream nightgown would be a "lovely trailing [one], with frills around the neck."  Practical Marilla ignores Anne's prattle about nightgowns with frills and instructs Anne to get ready for bed quickly.

What is one of Walter Mitty's fantasies?

The story opens right in the midst of one of Walter Mitty's secret fantasies.

"We’re going through!” The Commander’s voice was like thin ice breaking. He wore his full-dress uniform, with the heavily braided white cap pulled down rakishly over one cold gray eye. “We can’t make it, sir. It’s spoiling for a hurricane, if you ask me.” “I’m not asking you, Lieutenant Berg,” said the Commander. “Throw on the power lights! Rev her up to 8,500! We’re going through!” 

This fantasy is worth examining because it has several of the characteristics of most of Walter Mitty's fantasies. For one thing, it is appropriate to his age. He does not fantasize about youthful love affairs or achievements on the football field. In order to become a commander, he would have to have reached middle-age. He is at least that much of a realist. The fantasy of piloting a huge hydroplane through hurricane weather also shows how Mitty's mind jumps from the mundane reality of the present into a dream of achievement in a critical situation. He is actually driving a car rather than a hydroplane. He notices black clouds gathering and perhaps sees a few raindrops on the windshield. He realizes that he is going to have to get himself and his wife to Waterbury for their weekly shopping trip and back to their rural home in a rainstorm. This is what makes him imagine himself saying, "We're going through."

The storm he sees brewing on the way into Waterbury actually hits when they are in town and he is standing outside the drugstore waiting for his wife.

It began to rain, rain with sleet in it. He stood up against the wall of the drugstore, smoking. . . . He put his shoulders back and his heels together. “To hell with the handkerchief,” said Walter Mitty scornfully. He took one last drag on his cigarette and snapped it away. Then, with that faint, fleeting smile playing about his lips, he faced the firing squad; erect and motionless, proud and disdainful, Walter Mitty the Undefeated, inscrutable to the last. 

This tends to put a "frame" around the story rather than having it only a succession of grandiose daydreams. Walter Mitty is usually brought out of his fantasies by some interruption from the world of reality. In the case of Commander Mitty, he is brought back to reality by his wife's querulous voice.

“Not so fast! You’re driving too fast!” said Mrs. Mitty. “What are you driving so fast for?”
“Hmm?” said Walter Mitty.
“You were up to fifty-five,” she said. “You know I don’t like to go more than forty. You were up to fifty-five.” 

We know what must have happened. (The same thing might have happened at one time or another to us.) He was thinking about revving up the hydroplane engines and unconsciously pressing down harder on the accelerator pedal of his car. No telling how fast he might have gotten going if his wife hadn't been watching the speedometer intently. 

We all know about the dreams of glory of children and adolescents. What is unusual about "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty" is that the protagonist still has dreams of glory but they are "age-appropriate." They are the daydreams of a middle-aged man who can still imagine situations in which he can be heroic. 

Why is Samson so important in The Bronze Bow?

Samson, the apparently deaf-mute slave who Rosh steals from a passing caravan, is important to the action and characterization in The Bronze Bow. He plays an important role in the action because when Daniel stages a risky effort to free Joel from the Romans, Samson jumps in to help without Daniel's knowledge. If it had not been for Samson's intervention, Daniel would probably have been killed in the fight and Joel would not have been freed and in fact might have suffered a worse fate than what he already faced. 

As far as characterization, Samson parallels both the character of Daniel and the character of Jesus. As such, he is not exactly a foil, but something like a foil. A foil is a character who makes the qualities of a main character stand out more clearly because of the way he contrasts with the character. In the case of how Samson enhances the characterization of Daniel and Jesus, however, it is his similarities rather than differences that help us understand the characters better.

A parallelism exists between Samson's relationship with Daniel and Daniel's relationship with Rosh. Samson shows blind loyalty to an embarrassing degree toward Daniel, and, although Daniel doesn't realize it in the first chapters of the book, Daniel shows that same type of unthinking allegiance to Rosh. Eventually Daniel comes to realize that Rosh is not a worthy leader; at that point, he takes on the leadership of Joktan, Nathan, and the other young men who plan to rescue Joel. Although Daniel believes at this point he is a better leader than Rosh, his near-death experience and the loss of Nathan and Samson show that he has acted as selfishly as Rosh. In fact, Daniel's leadership has been worse than Rosh's, for at least Rosh realized Daniel's scheme was bound to fail. Daniel created a situation that resulted in two of his followers losing their lives. The difference between Daniel and Samson as followers is that Samson never deserted Daniel; he stuck with him despite his ill-conceived venture.

This leads to the second parallel Samson provides, namely a parallel to Jesus. Jesus is the Messiah, but to Daniel and Joel, he is a disappointment because he comes as a servant rather than a king. He speaks quietly and seems deaf to those who are calling for rebellion against Rome. Instead of overcoming the Romans by hatred, he seeks to bring in God's kingdom through love. Samson demonstrates the self-sacrificial love that Jesus showed in the novel but also would show later when he gave his life as a sacrifice for the sins of the world. Samson is what is known as a "Christ figure," that is, a character who sacrifices his own life to benefit someone else, someone who does not deserve it. When Samson sacrifices his own life for Daniel and Joel, he foreshadows what Daniel finally learns from Jesus in Chapter 24: "that only love could bend the bow of bronze." 

A teacher pulled a child's attached backpack to guide the child on the bus. The child told her parents, the parents accused the teacher of choking...

Unless there is something much more going on than you have described in the scenario, there are no grounds for criminal charges against the teacher.  However, the details of the incident would be very important in determining whether the teacher could possibly be charged.

The most likely charge in this scenario would be assault and battery. Assault occurs when one person’s actions make another person fear that they will be harmed.  Battery occurs when the person actually acts in a way that might harm the other person.  The student could claim that she was afraid that she would be choked by the teacher’s actions.  That would be assault. She could claim that she actually was choked, which would be battery.

Even though these charges are theoretically possible, I would say that they are very unlikely in this scenario.  First of all, a backpack’s straps do not go around a person’s neck so it is unlikely that the teacher could have choked the student by grabbing her backpack straps. Secondly, courts have generally given educators a great deal of leeway in their actions. Courts have felt that it is important to let educators do what they have to in order to maintain order so long as they are not acting maliciously or brutally.  It is unlikely that a court would find that the teacher was maliciously trying to choke the child by grabbing her backpack.  It is unlikely that the court would find that grabbing a backpack is a brutal or excessive way of trying to guide a student’s movements. For these reasons, I doubt that the teacher would be subject to criminal charges for his or her actions.

Which type of reaction occurs in a nuclear power plant and in an atomic bomb?

The reaction that takes place in nuclear power plants and nuclear bombs is nuclear fission, which is a chain reaction. Fission is the splitting of atoms. Nuclear reactions are different from chemical reactions because they involve the nucleus, while chemical reactions only involve electrons outside the nucleus. 

In a nuclear reactor the chain reaction is controlled and sustained for the purpose of producing heat, which is tranferred to water which turns to steam and moves turbines. Some reactors produce medical isotopes or plutonium for weapons.

Fissionable materials such as uranium-235 have unstable nuclei. When they absorb neutrons they undergo radioactive decay to produce heat, radiation and addtional neutrons that trigger fission of more atoms. The nucleus is split into lighter nucei.

The rate of the fission is controlled in reactors using moderators, which are substances that absorb the neutrons being produced to prevent them from triggering fission. Moderators aren't used in nuclear weapons, which explains the explosive nature and tremendous amount of energy released  at once vs. the more steady nature of nuclear reactors. 

Who is the narrator in the Night-Sea Journey?

The Night-Sea Journey by John Barth is narrated by a spermatozoon during its journey towards an ovum. From the perspective of the narrator, the swim to an unknown destination serves at the life-long backdrop for thought on various subjects including the nature of life, existence and "the Maker". The author draws parallels between human lives moving towards an unknowable end and the journey of all the spermatozoa swimming in the hopes of joining with an unknown entity in the hope of fulfillment. The Night-Sea Journey ends with the narrator merging with the ovum, ending his life in the beginning of a new existence that begins the cycle again. 

While a work of fiction, The Night-Sea Journey is more often viewed as a philosophical work due to the nature of the thoughts of the spermatozoon despite the fact that it takes place in a fictional context.