Why would Macbeth order Fleance’s death?

In The Tragedy of Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, Macbeth orders Fleance's death in an effort to "tie up loose ends" and prevent any potential threats to his reign. 

From the start of the play, Macbeth and Banquo are very close.  They fight together under Duncan, and they are both known for their courage and valor in battle.  However, once Macbeth is given the Weird Sisters' prophecy that he "shalt be king hereafter" (1.3 33), he takes steps to not only become the King of Scotland, but also to eliminate any potential threat to his reign.  Banquo, Fleance's father, was present at the time of the prophecy, and he later begins to suspect Macbeth of foul play in the death of Duncan (rightfully so, as Macbeth murdered Duncan).  Further, during the initial encounter with the Weird Sisters, Banquo received the prophecy that "Thou shalt get kings, though thou be none" (1.3 70).  In other words, Banquo will "father" kings.  A member of his line will eventually be the king of Scotland.  Just as Banquo eventually suspects Macbeth of foul play in the death of Duncan, Macbeth, as his paranoia grows, begins to believe that Banquo will plot against Macbeth's reign in part to ensure Banquo's own line gains the crown.  In Act III, Scene II, Macbeth admits his fears to Lady Macbeth, saying "O, full of scorpions is my mind, dear wife!/ Thou know'st that Banquo and his Fleance lives" (3.2 41-42).  However, he goes on to tell her that "There's comfort yet; they are assailable" (3.2 44).  Unbeknownst to her, he has already enlisted murderers to kill Banquo and Fleance while they are out on an afternoon ride.  His desire to kill Fleance stems from both his desire to end Banquo's line and to prevent any potential act of vengeance by Fleance, after his father has been murdered.  This is essentially Macbeth's attempt to silence two potential threats with one act.  Finally, from a dramatic standpoint, this act is the first time that Macbeth orders the murder of a child.  Early in the play he struggled against his conscience before and after murdering Duncan, an aged king; the ease with which he can now order the death of a child further demonstrates just how far he has fallen.

Why is economics categorized as a social science course?

Economics is sometimes referred to as "the dismal science" in correlation to an old theory that as the rate of population of humans keeps increasing relative to food and resource growth, humans may die out of starvation. In theory, economics is meant to accurately describe the production, consumption, and transfer of wealth in markets. But what people often overlook is that economics is driven by incentives -- it is a way of studying how people interact with markets and make markets work. It has to do with how allocation of resources, factors of production, and market measures are implemented by governments, businesses, and people to provide utility to people and maximize efficiency. The quantitative measures of price, supply, demand, etc. are all implemented to acquire subjective knowledge of peoples' incentives and how markets work to provide utility to people, by means of movement of assets and monetary value.

Was Shakespeare a feminist?

In reality, we can't really call William Shakespeare a true feminist because the concept of feminism didn't exist during his time. He did however, understand the plight of women and their general overall expected servitude towards men. A lot of his writing suggested the idea that women were the weaker of the two sexes while some of his other works suggested that women were independent, often coniving, and willing to extreme lengths to get what they wanted. He wrote roles of women being both strong and weak. 

During William Shakespeare's time it was common for a woman's father to choose who she would marry. If a woman wanted to choose her mate she was often considered rebellious. We often see this "rebellion" in his writing. For example, In Romeo and Juliet it was obvious that he supported the idea that women should be allowed to choose their own mates. Juliet went as far as to kill herself over the true love she felt for Romeo. In The Taming of the Shrew we see a different side of Shakespeare's portrayal of women. Katharina was portrayed as somewhat of a child and in need of man to control her. 

In conclusion, William Shakespeare wanted us to see his characters for who they were, whether it be male or female. He wanted us to see that each individual has his or her own unique characteristics and motives for doing what they do and living life as they do. In this way I suppose we could see Shakespeare as purely being a humanist. 

How is The Tempest a tragic comedy?

The Tempest, along with the three other plays written towards the end of Shakespeare's career (including The Winter's Tale, Cymbeline and Pericles), is difficult to categorize as either a tragedy or a comedy. The published versions of Shakespeare's work also make it difficult to determine what he intended. The First Folio considered The Tempest and The Winter's Tale comedies, but Cymbeline was classified as a tragedy. Later published collections classify these four plays as "Romances" but this is not a really accurate category to use, either. The Tempest contains no major love story in its plot, so the term "Romance" does not feel particularly suitable.

The play does have certain comic elements: the characters of Caliban and Ariel are often played for comic relief. However, it is also possible for both of these characters to be played with a more tragic context: both are bound by servitude, and beg for their freedom, which makes them somewhat tragic. Caliban is ostracized for being ugly; this can also be comic or tragic, depending on the portrayal in performance. Prospero's age and occasional befuddlement can also be played for either comic or tragic effect (Shakespeare was nearing the end of his life and this is considered the final play he wrote). The same goes for Miranda's lack of exposure to the male sex, brought to a climax when she sees men for the first time and exclaims "O brave new world, that has such people in it!"

Because the play contains elements of both genres, it has been referred to by some critics as a "tragicomedy." This seems to be the best working term to refer to this play that defines placement in either genre. Modern productions for stage and screen (for example, the London production starring Helen Mirren as a female Prospera) tend to offer creative interpretations of this play, with the possibilities for comedy or tragedy being fairly fluid, depending on artistic choices made for the productions.

What will be the strength of the electric field if the Gaussian surface does not include any net charge?

There is no way to know. All we can say is that if the Gaussian surface does not include (enclose) any net charge, the flux of the electric field through this surface is zero. This follows from the Gauss Law:

`Phi_E = Q/(epsilon_0)` . Here, `Phi_E` is the electric flux through a closed surface, Q is the net charge enclosed by the surface, and `epsilon_0` is dielectric permittivity of vacuum. If the enclosed net charge is zero, then the flux ix zero.

However, this does not necessarily imply that the electric field is also zero. The electric flux is the surface integral:

`Phi_E = int_S vecE*dvecS`

which can be zero even if the electric field is not zero. The value of this integral depends on how the electric field lines are located in relationship to the surface.

So, it is impossible to determine the strength of the electric field simply from the fact that the net charge enclosed by the specific Gaussian surface is zero.

What are two instances of foreshadowing in the final four paragraphs of chapter 27 in To Kill a Mockingbird?

The first instance of foreshadowing in Chapter 27 is when Aunt Alexandra is telling Scout that she is too tired to go to her Halloween play. Aunt Alexandra stops in the middle of her sentence and says, "somebody just walked over my grave." This phrase has origins that trace back to the 18th century and it means that someone gets a chill, similar to goosebumps. In this instance, Aunt Alexandra says it as she feels a sense of apprehension about the play, perhaps indicating that she does not feel comfortable with Jem and Scout going unaccompanied. The second instance of foreshadowing is the last sentence in the chapter. Jem agrees to take Scout to the play, and she notes, "thus began our longest journey together." This indicates that some large and important event is to come. Together, these two examples of foreshadowing at the end of Chapter 27 reveal that some sort of tragic or tumultuous event is going to happen soon. By the end of the book, it is obvious that the event that was being foreshadowed was the attack on Scout and Jem after the play. 

What were the features of the New Jersey plan?

The New Jersey plan was a plan of government put forth by the small states. This plan was created in response to the Virginia that benefited the larger states. The New Jersey Plan was designed to benefit the smaller states.

There were several parts to the New Jersey Plan. The New Jersey Plan called for three branches of government. One branch, called the legislative branch, would make the laws. A second branch, called the executive branch, would carry out the laws. The third branch, called the judicial branch, would interpret the laws.

Regarding the legislative branch, the New Jersey Plan called for having one house of Congress. Each state would have equal representation in Congress, unlike the Virginia Plan that called for unequal representation in Congress. The New Jersey Plan also would have had Congress elect an executive branch that would have been very weak and that would be led by more than one person. The Virginia Plan would have had one person leading the executive branch.

The New Jersey Plan differed from the Virginia Plan. It took the Great Compromise by Roger Sherman to work out the differences between the plans. With the Great Compromise, there would be three branches of government. In the legislative branch, one house, the House of Representatives, would have unequal representation while the other house, the Senate, would have equal representation with two senators per state. There would be a President who could be impeached if he broke laws or abused his power.