How did technology prolong the First World War?

The last element of the European military establishment to embrace the limitations of set piece formation was the command element. In the early phases of the War, horse cavalry was still considered an essential part of the offensive formation, but very quickly it became clear that it was too vulnerable to concentrated machine gun and artillery fire to be practical.

By then, however, it was too late to alter the broad tactical mindset, and the subsequent rapid mechanization of the War made it possible for these grandiose tactical maneuvers to be deployed on a hitherto unprecedented scale.

It was not simply the mechanization of the battlefield that made this possible, but also the support systems of railways, motorization, the industrial production of food, uniforms and equipment and the evolution of modern naval battle fleets that created an escalating standoff between two elements of a swiftly modernizing society.

The inability of either side to overwhelm the other created an arms race that ended only with the utter economic and social exhaustion of the Central Powers. Had either the senior command element adapted to these changes earlier, or had warfare been conducted on more traditional lines, there is every reason to believe that victory or defeat would have been registered a great deal earlier.

What is difference between point mutations and frameshift mutations?

Mutations are changes in the genetic code. DNA holds the genetic code. Nucleotides make up DNA. Therefore, mutations change the order and/or the number of nucleotides changes within DNA. If the codons on the complementary mRNA strand that is created during transcription do not code for the same amino acids that are brought over during translation, then mutations can change the structure and function of the protein produced. However, some mutations are unnoticed because the altered and original nucleotide sequences both code for the same amino acid(s). In this case, no changes would occur to the protein produced.

In a point mutation, one nucleotide is swapped out for another. Therefore, the mutation occurs at a single point or location within the DNA strand. Point mutations usually only affect the codon that contains the altered nucleotide.

Frameshift mutations are due to either insertions or deletions of nucleotides. This causes the entire DNA strand to elongate or to shrink in size. Thus, frameshift mutations may alter all of the codons that occur after the deletion or insertion. Therefore, frameshift mutations tend to be more detrimental than point mutations.

How did Magwitch from Great Expectations make Pip feel after he told Pip his backstory? The emotions are unclear.

Pip is taken aback when Magwitch (Provis) tells him the story of his life. Pip realizes that the villain he had imagined Magwitch to be is not the entire story. The convict's childhood must give some cause to his adult life of crime, unlike that of Compeyson (Magwitch’s fellow convict). The feelings of pity begin to grow within Pip’s heart, even though he has determined to reject Magwitch’s role as his benefactor, though he does not tell Magwitch this. He also determines at first that he cannot tell Magwitch of his daughter, Estella, fearing what Estella’s reaction would be. Though he has begun to realize his hopes of marrying Estella have disappeared with Magwitch’s return, his friendship for her still leads him to want to protect her. Eventually, Pip does tell Magwitch about his daughter, though it is too late for them to meet. It is with real grief that Pip mourns Magwitch at his death.

How does the short story "The Luck of Roaring Camp" contain some kind of assumption, whether explicit or implied, about nature?

Harte's classic short story "The Luck of the Roaring Camp" contains several assumptions about nature.

Some of them are about gender. It is an assumption about what it means to be male or female when Harte says of Cherokee Sal that she lacks " her sex’s intuitive tenderness and care."

A second assumption is that there should be an alignment between people's physical selves and their characters...but there isn't. Look at the discussion of the men in the camp, and their character, early in the story.

Other assumptions address nature in general more specifically. After the child is born, he is very healthy, due (perhaps) to the " invigorating climate of the mountain camp." This indicates some environments are more innately healthy than others.

Another assumption emerging after the baby is born is that people should be aware of the beauty in nature...but often aren't. The men's work and entertainment blinded them to natural beauty. Once they are taking care of the baby, they are aware of the beauty in rocks and pebbles.

Evaluate the long-run and short-run sustainability of export subsidy? The question is base on export subsidy.

The notion of an export subsidy is typically considered to be an unfair business practice in most cases.   

Let's say that companies in country A have created a car which runs on air.   Everyone knows that this kind of car is going to sell all over the globe.

The government in country A sees the advantage in not having companies in other countries  developing  their own version of this kind of car.   There are many reasons for this perspective which I will get in below. 

In order for country A to create a near-monopoly in the manufacture of this type of car, they tell domestic companies that they will give them $5,000 for every "air car" that they build for export.  

Companies in countries B, C and D see that the import "air car" is selling  in their countries for thousands of dollars less than their own manufacturing costs  would be.    Building this type of car in countries B, C, and D would not only be unprofitable - it would be a financial disaster

So while countries B, C and D postpone or cancel plans to build an "air car", companies in Country A are becoming experts in the technology and the names of their cars, their brands, are becoming respected and household names all over the world. 

This implementation is very advantageous to companies in country A.   They are selling cars by the millions, reaping enormous profits - but it is being done in way that is unnatural - actual business forces have been removed artificially.

It is likely that Company A can't keep up with providing these subsidies - for every car exported they lose $5,000 and seemingly get nothing in return - only the companies benefit.

There is one factor that may convince Company A to see the subsidies as helpful to its overall economic conditions.  While the air-cars are being sold exclusively throughout the world, 200,000 laborers are employed in the building of these cars.   These employees pay federal taxes on their income and, while employed, these people, and their families, rely very little on expensive government programs - they don't need financial help.

But, when other countries realize what country A is doing to be so successful in this industry, there will be a backlash against their country.  Other countries can start a trade war, create huge tariffs on imports, or create subsidies of their own for products that have expertise building or growing.

Ultimately the unfairness of the subsidy program will be damaging to country A. 

How do the seasons of spring and winter play out in the narrative of the story "A Sorrowful Woman"?

The story opens in the winter: "One winter evening she looked at them: the husband durable, receptive, gentle; the child a tender golden three," the first line states. During this winter season, the woman retreats into a room of her own, unable any longer to cope with the demands of being a wife and mother. This room becomes a safe haven for her. She has "a fire in the hearth" and wears a familiar old sweater from her high school (ie, premarried) days. She watches the snow-covered branches from a room that is white like the season. She reads novels about "other people moving through other winters." She takes care of herself, and returns to a virginal premarital state, symbolized by both the white room and the white snow. 

However, as "the snow was melting from the branches," life slowly begins to change for the woman. She doesn't read as much. When spring comes, she even leaves her room, entering her kitchen in order to see it "in daylight." She notes that "Things were changed." Coming out of her winter white bedroom, out of her retreat, she bakes a loaf of bread and leaves it on the counter. 

The full return of spring leads the woman out of the bedroom and into a frenzy of domestic activity. Suddenly "the days were too short. She was always busy." She has no time to take care of herself: "no time for hair brushing." Once again, her life revolves around taking care of others.

Spring is associated in this narrative with her final burst of domestic activity. She bakes bread, turkeys, glazed ham and pies, does piles of laundry, leaves love sonnets for husband and creates "watercolor beasts" stories for her son. At the end of this activity, "the house smelled redolently of renewal and spring."

But this "spring," this outpouring of her energies and creativity for the sake of her husband and child, does not renew the woman. Instead she dies.

In a reversal of our usual associations of spring with life and fertility--"renewal"--as the story calls it, spring doesn't bring new life to this woman. Her "rebirth" into domesticity instead brings her death. The virginal "winter" state of girlhood she lived in her bedroom may not have solved her problems, but at least it allowed her to survive.

`int 5^t sin(5^t) dt` Evaluate the indefinite integral.

You need to use the following substitution  `5^t=u` , such that:

`5^t=u=>5^t*ln 5 dt = du => 5^t*dt= (du)/(ln 5)`

`int5^t*sin(5^t) dt = (1/(ln 5))*int sin u du`

`(1/(ln 5))*int sin u du = -(1/(ln 5))*cos u + c`

Replacing back  `5^t ` for u yields:

`int5^t*sin(5^t) dt = (-cos(5^t))/(ln 5)+c`

Hence, evaluating the indefinite integral, yields `int5^t*sin(5^t) dt = (-cos(5^t))/(ln 5)+c.`