In Animal Farm, why do the animals like the song Beasts of England so much that they memorize it on the spot? To what emotions and needs does it...

In Animal Farm by George Orwell, the animals like the song "Beasts of England" for a number of reasons.  Firstly, the song is introduced to the animals by Old Major, the highly revered elder pig of Manor Farm, after his stirring speech in which he tells the animals about the dream he had of a world without man.  He claims the song comes from his childhood, which makes it even more endearing to the animals.  To them, Old Major is a sacred member of society, and he's sharing a piece of himself with them.

Further, the narrator tells the reader "it was a stirring tune, something between Clementine and La Cucaracha."  Both of these songs are very catchy, so it makes sense that a song based out of the same rhythms would be as well.  The animals, even the less intelligent ones, would have an easy melody to remember which, in turn, would allow them to more easily sing the song together.  This would increase their sense of community.

Finally, the other important reasons for the song's appeal can be found in the lyrics.  The song speaks of unity among all beasts "of every land and clime," and tells of a day when "Tyrant Man shall be o'erthrown." This appeals to both the animals' sense of brother and sisterhood and their desire to be their own masters.  The latter is further stressed in the third stanza, that claims that instruments of control, such as rings, harnesses, bits, spurs, and whips will disappear forever.  No longer will the animals be subjugated and forced to endure pain and hardship.  This vision of the future is particularly appealing to the animals, who have lived under the control of the negligent, often abusive Mr. Jones.

The next two stanzas appeal to the animals by depicting the promised land that will emerge when man is gone.  The animals will have "riches," such as "wheat and barley, oats and hay."  This appeals to the animals' desire for safety and sustenance.  They don't have many needs, but plentiful food is definitely important to them.

Finally, the appeal to camaraderie is reinforced through the last two stanzas, The sixth stanza claims that "All must toil for freedom's sake," and the final stanza, a near refrain of the first stanza, shifts the power of the song to the animals themselves.  Whereas the first stanza commanded the listener to "Hearken to my joyful tidings/ Of the golden future time," the final stanza amends the order slightly to "Hearken well and spread my tidings/ Of the golden future time."

Through its inspirational source, catchy melody, and uplifting lyrics, "Beasts of England" becomes a siren song for the animal revolution at Manor Farm.

What parts of speech in the classical rhetoric arrangement can be found in Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream" speech?

Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream" speech certainly does contain all of the parts of speech found in the classical rhetorical arrangement. Two of those parts include the introduction and narration.

In his speech, King opens with a very clear introduction in which he thanks the multitude for joining him on that historical day and provides background information supporting their fight for freedom. He provides background information by referencing the Emancipation Proclamation and by alluding to Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, in which Lincoln promoted the Civil War as a fight to end slavery. King alludes to the Gettysburg Address by opening his own speech with the phrase "[f]ive score years ago," meaning 100 years ago, to reference when the Emancipation Proclamation was signed, only two months after the Battle of Gettysburg, whereas Lincoln opened his own Gettysburg Address with the phrase "[f]our scour and seven years ago" to reference the start of the American Revolution. In opening with "[f]ive score years ago," King draws a parallel between his own speech calling for freedom and Lincoln's. By referencing the Emancipation Proclamation, he reminds the nation that his people are owed their freedom.

He next moves into his narration to make a firm declaration of the problem at hand by saying, "But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free." He continues to describe the problem by speaking of the poverty of the African-American people. His next two paragraphs continue to be part of his narration. In these two paragraphs, he elaborates on the problem by speaking of what the American people still owe the African-American people, specifically the guarantee of the "'unalienable rights' of 'Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.'" He further uses these two paragraphs to assert that his people are gathered there, at the foot of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., to demand what is owed to them.

According to Adam Smith, what are the benefits of specialization and the division of labor?

Specialization of labor is very important to Adam Smith--so important, in fact, that it is the first subject that he addresses in detail in Wealth of Nations. He claims in the first chapter of the book that specialization provides the "greatest improvement in the productive powers of labour." To illustrate his point, he famously used what he called a "trifling manufacture," the production of pins. One person carrying out all of the tasks necessary to manufacture a pin would have a very low output over the course of a workday. But by dividing this task into a number of very small tasks--drawing out the wire, cutting it, grinding it down, and so on, each performed by a single worker, Smith calculates that thousands of pins can be produced. Smith says that the same principle holds true no matter what is being manufactured:

The division of labour, however, so far as it can be introduced, occasions, in every art, a proportionable increase of the productive powers of labour.

The reasons this statement is true, Smith argues, are that there is an "increase in dexterity [skill] in every...workman" that results from practicing the same task over and over; that workers will not waste time by transitioning from one task to another; and that, by allowing people to focus on one task, division of labor allows for people to devise new ways to get better at that task. This includes, Smith argues, the invention of machines equipped to do the task. So the development of technology is in part the result as well as the cause of division of labor. Smith understands, however, that the effects of specialization of labor on workers could be bad inasmuch as the worker is stuck performing a boring task over and over. This is one reason that he insists on public education--to create good citizens as well as good workers. 

Describe the face of the half sunk statue. What were the emotions reflected on the visage?

The face is partly buried in the sand and the face is "shattered" and eroded. The face has a frown, a "wrinkled lip" and a "sneer of cold command." Although the statue was commissioned by Ozymandias to portray his greatness, the sculptor chose to portray the ruler's pride and selfish superiority. Ozymandias is frowning, showing disdain and his sneer illustrates his condescending attitude. The speaker of the poem notes that the sculptor understood the ruler's passions well. In other words, the sculptor focused on Ozymandias's pride, rather than his greatness, and chose to illustrate that and thereby mock the ruler. 

This shattered visage illustrates a haughtiness, condescension, pride, and even anger (the frown). The sculptor tried to show the ruler's contempt for those he thought were beneath him (essentially, everyone else). So, the emotions the face communicates have to do with Ozymandias's feelings of superiority and selfish pride.  The wrinkled lip certainly suggests condescension but might also suggest annoyance. The face/ruler is annoyed with how inferior everyone else is. 

How does O. Henry use suspense in "The Furnished Room"?

The story begins with descriptions of transients, homeless people, those who move from home to home out of economic necessity. This establishes a dark setting, stories about people who have no permanent homes. It is a description of countless nameless people, statistics really, and how they move through life "fugacious as time itself." Fugacious means "tending to disappear." The opening is quite bleak. 

Then we have an unnamed man looking for a room. The maid who answers his knock reminds him of a worm. The dark, depressing descriptions add suspense to the story by giving a foreboding sense of what might happen. 

The suspense is significantly increased when we learn that the man has been searching for someone he loves: 

He was sure that since her disappearance from home this great, water-girt city held her somewhere, but it was like a monstrous quicksand, shifting its particles constantly, with no foundation, its upper granules of today buried tomorrow in ooze and slime. 

The room the man finds himself in is filled with gloom, which O. Henry so poetically describes. All of this gloom combined with the saga of the man's ongoing, seemingly futile search adds to the suspense. The reader is left with bleak suppositions. If the man finds who he is looking for, will it be a tragic discovery? Given the bleak mood, setting, and situation, the suspense is heightened by the likelihood of something tragic to come. 

In To Kill A Mockingbird's courthouse scene, what are some prejudice quotes that don't involve racism?

There are examples of religious and class prejudices during the trial as well as sexism.

 We learn a lot about Maycomb from the trial.  Maycomb clearly has racial prejudice abundant, but we also learn that there are other types of prejudice in Maycomb.  These relate to religion, class, and gender.

The first example is the “foot-washing Baptists” and Miss Maudie.  They have a little Bible quote-off.

The driver of the wagon slowed down his mules, and a shrill-voiced woman called out: “He that cometh in vanity departeth in darkness!” Miss Maudie answered: “A merry heart maketh a cheerful countenance!” (Ch. 16)

Miss Maudie mentioned the foot washers’ intolerance to Scout earlier, when she asked what foot washing Baptists were.  Maudie does not mind being the victim of their negative attention. She is a cheerful soul and very self-assured.

Another example of discrimination is class consciousness.  When Dill is impressed by Atticus’s holding off the mob of Cunninghams, Alexandra dismisses the entire Cunningham clan.

Aunt Alexandra stared him to silence. “It was not a hundred folks,” she said, “and nobody held anybody off. It was just a nest of those Cunninghams, drunk and disorderly.” (Ch. 16)

We already know that the Cunninghams are poor.  However, they are also proud and try to be good people for the most part.  Atticus acknowledges this.  For Alexandra to act dismissive of the entire Cunningham clan is prejudicial.  They are poor, so they are all drunkards in her eyes.

A final example of Maycomb prejudice occurs during the actual trial.  When the concept of race comes up, the suggestion is made to clear the courthouse—not just of children, but of women too.

“There has been a request,” Judge Taylor said, “that this courtroom be cleared of spectators, or at least of women and children, a request that will be denied for the time being. (Ch. 17)

The idea is that women are delicate and cannot stand to hear something as sordid as rape.  To group the women in with the children is sexist.  This is pretty much why Judge Taylor refuses the request.  The women who are there have come of their own will, and people can make the choice for their children.

It is clear that life in Maycomb involves a lot of judgement.  It is a small Southern town, and everybody knows everybody.  For this reason, people tend to paint everyone of a group with the same brush, and harbor stereotypes and prejudices of just about every kind.

For what did the Judiciary Act provide?

The Federal Judiciary Act of 1789 was an important law. One of the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation was that it didn’t have a court system where states could resolve disputes they had with each other. This law was designed to fix that.

The Federal Judiciary Act of 1789 created a federal court system. There would be 13 district courts with one in each state. There would be three circuit courts. The circuit courts would hear appeals from decisions made by the district courts. There also would be some trials in the circuit courts. Finally, there would be the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court would hear appeals from the circuit courts. The Supreme Court’s decision in a case would be final and binding. The original Supreme Court would have five justices plus a chief justice. John Jay was the first chief justice.

The creation of a federal court system provided a way for disputes to be resolved. The passage of this law corrected a major flaw that existed when the Articles of Confederation was our plan of government.