How do you describe the process of dissolving?

Dissolving involves a solute and a solvent. The solvent is the item that does the dissolving and the solute is the item that is dissolved. Dissolving implies that the solute and solvent interact to create a solution. As the solute dissolves in the solvent, the particles of the solute begin to separate. The solvent begins to surround these dissociated solute particles. In order for this to occur, the solvent particles need to collide with the solute with enough force and in the correct orientation. Additionally, there needs to be enough attraction between the solute and the solvent. This attraction will ensure that the solvent continues to surround the solute to keep the particles in solution.

The term “likes dissolves likes” alludes to the fact that polar substances will dissolve in other polar substances, while nonpolar substances dissolve in other nonpolar substances.

When starch is digested, which monosaccharides are released?

Hydrolysis is the process by which large polymers are broken down into their sub-- units known as monomers. These monomers are small molecules that are repeated inside the larger polymer and held together by covalent bonds.

Starch is a polysaccharide-- a polymer composed of a long chain of glucose molecules which are monomers. Enzymes known as amylases and maltases help to facilitate the hydrolysis of starch, which breaks the bonds between glucose molecules. These bonds are called glycosidic linkages. 

By the addition of water, the hydrogen atom from the water attaches to one monomer and the hydroxyl group (OH) attaches to the adjacent monomer. This causes the chemical bond between two adjacent glucose molecules to break down during digestion of starch. The first step forms a disaccharide called maltose. Later, maltose sugar is further hydrolyzed to form the simple sugar glucose --a monosaccharide. Starch digestion begins in the mouth where enzymes are present in saliva and completes in the small intestine. 

A monosaccharide has the general formula of CH2O. The monosaccharide which makes up starch is glucose-- C6H12O6 a hexose sugar. Starch is a polysaccharide composed entirely of the monosaccharide glucose.

After starch digestion, glucose becomes available as an energy source for cellular work.

I have included a link showing the breakdown of starch to glucose.

Is Mary Maloney in "Lamb to the Slaughter" guilty or not?

Of course she is guilty. That is why she goes to so much trouble to establish an alibi and to dispose of the murder weapon. She is not guilty of first-degree murder because the murder was not premeditated. If all the cops investigating the case knew she was responsible for her husband's death, they would arrest her and take her to jail. No doubt she would make a full confession and would eventually plead guilty. She would be indicted for something like second-degree murder or manslaughter. It is hard to know what would happen to her unborn baby, but it would undoubtedly be taken away from her. We might expect her to serve eight or ten years because of the extenuating circumstances and also because of the fact that she has a spotless prior record. All the policemen themselves could testify as character witnesses.

As readers we are induced to share in Mary Maloney's guilt because we want to see her get away with her crime. We are in a sense accessories after the fact. If we had the power to tell the investigating cops that Mary killed her husband with a frozen leg of lamb--we probably wouldn't do it. Would we? The story is not to be taken too seriously. Mary didn't really kill Patrick. Patrick wasn't really going to leave her. It is just a story. The idea of killing a man with a leg of lamb and then getting the cops to eat the lamb is ridiculous. Roald Dahl was noted for writing stories like this. His story "The Way Up to Heaven" is a good example. Another man who wrote tongue-and-cheek murder stories was John Collier. Good examples are "The Chaser" and "De Mortuis." Such stories always have a touch of humor to suggest that they are taking place in a sort of Never-Never Land where ordinary laws do not apply.

In the play "Copenhagen", how is conformity rewarded?

In “Copenhagen”, Werner Heisenberg is confronted with a terrifying dilemma: develop a nuclear weapon for Nazi Germany, or risk annihilation if the Allies develop one first. Heisenberg desperately wants to protect Germany and the people he loves, but is not sympathetic to the Nazi cause nor is he a member of the party. In order to carry on the research in Germany and still control the flow of information on the nuclear project, he at least has to pay lip service to his Nazi supervisors. He believes that by conforming to the Nazi party line, at least outwardly, he can perhaps have it both ways: develop the weapon but still keep the Nazis from learning precisely how it works. His strategy is deeply nerve-wracking but successful: although his colleague Bohr is horrified by what he sees as Heisenberg’s complicity with an evil regime, and although the Nazis still view Heisenberg with slight suspicion at his refusal to join the party, he manages to be allowed to carry on his research. His conformity makes him able to work both for and against the Nazis, while keeping his true priorities…uncertain.

What are examples of metaphors and personification in Hamlet and how do they operate?

Personification appears in this line in Act IV, scene 1:

“Mad as the sea and the wind, when both contend/Which is the mightier."

The sea and the wind are here being personified as two angry men fighting to see which is stronger. This is an example of personification because the sea and wind are given human attributes of anger.

Here is one metaphor from Act I, scene ii: 

"This world...tis an unweeded garden, that grows to seed; things rank and gross in nature possess it merely."

This metaphor compares the world, the court of Denmark, to an unweeded garden, thus characterizing it as a corrupt place, overgrown with 'weeds' (courtiers and possibly murdering uncles) that contribute nothing and choke out what is good and fruitful.

In Act I, scene ii we meet another metaphor: Here Hamlet uses the metaphor of his flesh melting into a dew to describe death. This expresses his wish at that death would be a form of disappearing, of nothingness, that would take away his pain. Later, thoughts of an afterlife in hell will disturb this pleasant image of dissolving:

O, that this too too solid flesh would

melt

 Thaw and resolve itself into a dew

And when Horatio speaks of the ghost as a speck of dust to irritate the mind's eye, he is saying that as a speck of dust in the eye is an irritant that won't go away until you do something about it, so the idea of the ghost will keep scratching and irritating Hamlet's mind until he does something about it. This makes a thought a physical attribute.  

Why is Earth a sphere?

Our planet, Earth, has a spherical shape. However, it is not a perfect sphere and the presence of valleys and mountains make it somewhat rough. In addition, the Earth has slight bulge near the equatorial region and has more mass there than polar regions.

The shape of Earth is governed by its mass and gravity. When the Earth formed billions of years ago, it was a rotating mass of gases and dust. Over time, as more and more mass was added to this spinning disc of gas and dust, gravity started pulling everything towards it. The most efficient surface according to gravitational force is a sphere, since all the points on a sphere are equidistant from the center. As the mass of Earth continued to grow, gravity also increased and attracted everything in its reach. And thus Earth came to be spherical. However, the slight distortion in its shape is due to its rotation on its own axis. This rotation creates centrifugal forces, which cause Earth to be slightly fatter at the equator as compared to the poles.

Hope this helps.

How do dramatic elements in Othello reveal truths about life?

Othello is full of dramatic irony, suspense, and psychological complexities. One of the reasons it is so popular is its verisimilitude. The characters are true to life in that they demonstrate human strengths and flaws. The angelic Desdemona is talented and sweet, but she still stands up for what she believes in when necessary. She marries Othello against her father’s wishes. Tragically, she also stays with him even when he turns violent, as do many victims of abuse.

Cassio is a lively fellow with “a person and a smooth dispose / To be suspected, framed to make women false.” He is attractive and friendly, but he also has his faults. He admits that he has “very poor and unhappy brains for drinking,” meaning that he is susceptible to foolish behavior when drunk. Iago goads him into drinking, and Cassio behaves so recklessly that he is released from duty. Drinking too much and acting out under the influence is very common now as well as then.

Unfortunately, a number of us have been acquainted with people like Iago, and some may even identify with him. He says, “I am not what I am.” These individuals mask their true motives and feelings from others, even their friends. Sometimes they sabotage other people without reason or out of mere jealousy or spite.

Finally, Othello, the tragic hero, falls due to his own unseen weaknesses. In war, he is calm and confident, and in love he initially respects Desdemona. However, Iago is able to use Othello’s deep insecurities against him, suggesting racist and misogynistic reasons for Desdemona’s infidelity. All of us have secret fears that might be hidden even from us. Shakespeare uses many dramatic elements to reveal truths about life, and his excellent characterizations are one of them.