Explain the different action of a lymphocyte and phagocyte in destroying a pathogen?

A pathogen is something that enters the body and can cause a disease by killing body cells, releasing substances that are harmful known as toxins or by interrupting homeostasis by upsetting the proper functioning of the body.

When a pathogen like a bacteria, virus, fungus or parasite enters the body, the immune system will begin to defend the body. First, nonspecific defenses like unbroken skin, saliva, tears, mucus try to trap or block the entry of pathogens. Next, the inflammatory response occurs if tissue is injured. This involves extra blood flow to the area along with raising the body temperature to produce a fever, another defense against pathogens.

The next line of defense are cells that will engulf and "eat" foreign cells. Phagocytes are important white blood cells that can kill invading pathogens by detecting foreign cells, then binding to them and eventually surrounding and engulfing them. Phagocytes can creep about the body and surround and engulf foreign proteins that are not recognized as "self" and don't belong in the body.  Enzymes inside the phagocyte are used to break down and kill the pathogen. Remains of the pathogen are kept by the phagocyte to flag other immune cells to help recognize and fight that pathogen.

If all the nonspecific responses fail, specific defenses are launched against the invader in what is known as the immune response. Lymphocytes are white blood cells that include B cells and killer T cells. B cells produce antibodies that attack pathogens in the blood. The antibodies are proteins that recognize a specific pathogen-- (antigen or foreign protein)  which they then bind to. Then, T cells, another white blood cell, track down and destroy the germ. Memory cells  made by B or T cells after they have fought a pathogen remain in the body in the event the same pathogen returns. In that case, the body will have the ability to quickly respond--this is what is known as building active immunity.

Both phagocytes and lymphocytes are types of white blood cells whose different functions help to contribute to keeping the body safe from invading pathogens.

Literary devices in Macbeth? What literary devices are used in this extract of text and why are they used? "Wisdom? To leave his wife, to leave his...

In this excerpt from Macbeth, Lady Macduff tries to explain her husband's (Macduff's) sudden flight from their castle to their young son. Macduff has left his wife and children in the castle (with servants, presumably, but basically unprotected) so he can join Malcolm in England to plan the war to take the crown from Macbeth and restore it to Malcolm, the rightful heir. 

Here, we see Lady Macduff using an analogy, or more specifically, a metaphor, to compare Macduff's actions to those of a protective mother wren. She begins her comparison by saying that Macduff "wants the natural touch," meaning that what he has done is unnatural and that he has acted in a way that is different from the way parents act in nature or, more specifically, in the animal kingdom. She goes on to explain that even the weakest bird, here "the poor wren," will defend its young against even much stronger birds (the owl). Next, she returns to Macduff when she says "All is the fear and nothing is the love." Macduff's flight is in contrast to the actions of the wren. His actions,  according to his wife, are ruled by fear and not by love,  and the implication is that the wren will fight the owl because her love for her young is more important than her fear of the owl. She concludes by saying that Macduff's flight defies reason to compound her idea that it was also unnatural. 

Compare and contrast Gulliver's life in Lilliput and Brobdingnag.

In Lilliput, Gulliver begins as a prisoner but really only because he agrees to be confined; he could easily break his bonds if he wanted to. He is released from confinement once the emperor of Lilliput comes to understand what an incredible weapon he can be against Blefuscu. His strength and size are then exploited by the emperor to debilitate the Blefuscudian naval fleet; however, when Gulliver refuses orders to completely decimate the Blefuscudian people, the emperor turns on him and he is accused of treason. He escapes to Blefuscu, and these people actually help him to build a boat and stock it with sufficient supplies to return home.

In Brobdingnag, Gulliver is initially exploited as well, but this time as an entertainer. He is too small to be anything but a curiosity, but the man he first lives with makes a tidy profit by forcing him to put on shows for everyone who comes to see him. However, this man and his exploitative motives are an aberration in Brobdingnag, where most people—including the king and Gulliver's little nurse, Glumdalclitch—attempt to protect him. To be sure, he is a source of entertainment for many, but after the king purchases him from the man who found him, Gulliver is never endangered or controlled the way the Lilliputians tried to do. The king eventually comes to look down on him as a result of the intelligence he shares about his fellow Englishmen and their penchant for starting wars and making weapons; this was something admired by the Lilliputians.

My book Stones in Water is a historical fiction book and I was wondering what historical event happened during the book.

The book Stones in Water, by Donna Jo Napoli, depicts World War II and the Holocaust.  World War II was fought in Europe between 1939 and 1945.  The book tells the story of how the Germans arrested Roberto and his friends as they were at a theater in Venice, Italy.  From there, they were packed on a train and taken to a labor camp.  The narrative details the horrible conditions for laborers in the camp and how they try to protect one of their Jewish friends from being discovered.  In the camps, food is scarce and conditions are horrible.  Prisoners are treated in a cruel manner.  They support each other emotionally and quietly nurture each others spirits.  The book is told from the perspective of Roberto and his struggle to survive.

I have a test on vocabulary coming up soon and I need a way to study for it.

There are several ways to prepare for vocabulary tests, some of which will give the best long term results and some of which may help in the short term.

If the test is over a small group of vocabulary words, a tried and true technique for studying them is using flash cards. Take a set of index cards and write the vocabulary word on the front and the definition on the back. Set aside four 15-minute study sessions during the day, as this is more effective than a single long session.

In the first session, look at the fronts of the cards, read the vocabulary word, and try to remember the definition. Turn over the card to see if your memory is accurate, and if not, read the definition aloud, as you remember more of what you read aloud than what you read silently. Do this for every card. 

In the second session, look at the definitions on the backs of the cards and try to remember the word being defined. In the third session, look at the fronts of the cards again and in the fourth session look at the backs of the cards. 

Over the long term, the best way to develop your vocabulary is reading books written for adults rather than children which use a wide vocabulary and looking up words you don't understand in a dictionary. If you spend an hour or so every day reading, you will develop such a good ordinary vocabulary that you won't even need to study for vocabulary tests because all the words will already be familiar to you. 

In the Great Gatsby, did Myrtle truly love Tom or did she just want him for his money and social status?

I would argue she did not really love Tom. When she meets with Tom and Nick she explains why she is dissatisfied about her husband and mentions that she thought she was marrying a gentleman. Tom has the wealth and status to impress her, but more importantly his high place in society makes her feel special and romantic. Rather than simply trudging through life, it appears this woman wants some sort of higher purpose. Unfortunately, she is searching for it  in all the wrong ways. First she marries her husband, then she begins an affair with Tom. What she does not realize is that Tom does not respect her and will never give her a serious relationship, and that even if he were to do such a thing she would never find the joy she is looking for. She would most likely end up in the same sad state where we find Daisy when she enters the novel.

What happens when the fulcrum is close to the load?

Hello!

A fulcrum and a load are about a lever, which is a firm long object used to lift things. It has a support called fulcrum, and its parts between a fulcrum and endings are called lever's arms.

A lever transmits a force applied to one of its ends to another end. The direction of force is inverted (one pushes arm down to lift a load). The magnitude of a force changes with the ratio of arms' lengths: longer arm means smaller force. In other words, `F_2/F_1=a_1/a_2.`

The gain in force has its price: the same loss in distance. Mechanical work remains the same, if we ignore friction.

Thus, when the fulcrum is close to the load, one obtains great gain in force (can lift heavy load with smaller force) and equivalent loss in distance.
Also, such a construction requires very strong lever and its support.