If you were Romeo or Juliet, would you do the same thing in the name of love?

I think this is an important question because it gets at the heart of a long-standing debate: Is Romeo & Juliet actually a love story? There are certainly beautiful passages about love, and Shakespeare uses his sizable wit and immeasurable talent to craft beautiful, lyrical poetry to woo us into thinking it is a love story. But I fall squarely on the side of the debate that says this play is not the greatest love story of all time. In fact, it isn't a love story at all. Instead it is better to view Romeo & Juliet as a tragedy that explores elements of love, rather than a love story in the traditional sense.

Think about it: We begin the story when Romeo is all sad about some woman we never meet. He's heartbroken, he'll never be the same. Cut to ten minutes later, where he meets Juliet and falls in love again. It's "too rash, too unadvised, too sudden", as much young love is. Juliet is 13 years old at the beginning of the play, and the story lasts for only a series of days. It is a story of infatuation and hasty decisions, and it leaves the audience wishing they had slowed down, taken the time to plan things out together, and that's what makes it a tragedy.

To answer the question more directly: No. Because true love would not require the ultimate sacrifice.

In the novel To Kill a Mockingbird, what did Scout and Jem find in the Radley tree?

Jem and Scout find several items at various times in the knothole of the Radley tree throughout the novel. The first item that Scout finds in the knothole is two sticks of Wrigley's Double Mint chewing gum. Jem reprimands Scout for eating the gum because he thinks it might poison her, which it does not. They then find two polished Indian head pennies that Jem considers valuable and able to give people good luck. The children also find a grey ball of twine and two soap figurines that resemble themselves. They are perplexed as to who could have been able to carve these figures and wonder who is responsible for leaving the gifts. Jem and Scout also find an old, tarnished spelling bee medal. The last two items they find in the knothole of the tree are an old, broken pocket watch and an aluminum knife. Jem and Scout decide to write a thank you note to the mysterious person who keeps leaving them gifts, only to find out that Nathan Radley has filled the knothole with cement.

What is the adaptation of arachnids?

The class Arachnida includes eight-legged organisms like spiders and scorpions. They have adapted to live on land by developing a covering which serves as a flexible exoskeleton. This exoskeleton conserves water and is effective in providing protection from the arachnids environment. They have an internal method of sexual reproduction, with spiders having internal chambers for their young spiders. Most arachnids digest their food by pouring digestive juices over it, then ingesting the liquefied remains back into their system. Most arachnids live in humid, moist areas, and are nocturnal, which means they are sensitive to light, so they are most active at night when the sun goes down. Some arachnids immobilize their food by poisonous bite, such as the Black Widow spider or the scorpion.

How would you describe Jonas in the book/movie The Giver?

Jonas's character does not change substantially from the book to the film, so the description of him in both remains the same. 

We know that the Elders in his community see him as intelligent, courageous, and as having integrity. They also feel strongly that he has "the ability to acquire wisdom" (Ch.8). All of these traits are why he is chosen as the new Receiver of Memory.

Based on his actions in the book, we can also describe Jonas in the following ways (with a few examples of each):

• compassionate (his interactions with several characters, including the Giver and Gabe)


• empathetic (his interactions with several, including Larissa in Ch. 4)


• a critical thinker (his questioning of the community)


• unique (being chosen as the Receiver of Memory)


• loving (especially in his interactions with Gabe)


• sensitive (his ability to feel the memories so deeply)


• risk-taking (he leaves the community)


• self-sacrificing (he risks everything to save Gabe from release)


• self-aware (he knows his own weaknesses and tries to avoid them)


• reflective (he constantly evaluates his own behavior and thoughts)


• contemplative (an extension of his reflections)


• gifted (he can see beyond)

How is Helen Keller similar to or different from the way she was characterized in chapter one of Story of My Life?

In chapter one, Helen describes the first years of her life.  In it, Helen tells of how she was an intelligent and aware baby and toddler.  Helen spoke her first words at a young age.  She also has a vivid memory.  She describes remembering her illness and how her mother took care of her.  Helen then describes her struggles to communicate once she became deaf and blind.

In some ways, Helen is similar as an adult as she was in her early life.  She is intelligent and aware despite her deafness and blindness.  She is eager to communicate, as she was as a baby.

In other ways, Helen is different.  Helen describes her feelings about being deaf and blind as a young child.  She states that she "got used to the silence and darkness that surrounded [her] and forgot that it had ever been different."  Later in life, Helen learns to communicate.  When she learns these communication skills, she no longer lives in a silent and dark world.  While literally Helen still lives in a world when she cannot see or hear, her communication makes it so that Helen can live a normal life.

What are some examples that show Bob Ewell is not hospitable or neighborly in Harper Lee's To Kill A Mockingbird?

In Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird, examples of Bob Ewell's inhospitality and inability to be neighborly can be seen in stunts he pulls soon after Tom Robinson's trial and subsequent death.

Though Tom Robinson was convicted of the crime, Ewell was fully aware that Atticus had exposed the true nature of Ewell's character as well as his guilt. Feeling persecuted, Ewell begins pulling stunts around the neighborhood as acts of revenge.

First, he spits in Atticus's face and threatens to kill him. Next, when Ewell takes up a job through the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and is promptly fired "for laziness," Ewell blames Atticus for somehow "'getting' his job" (Ch. 27). Third, someone stalks Judge Taylor while he is home alone, as usual, on a Sunday night, and that someone is believed to be Ewell. Finally, Ewell and his family begin persecuting Tom Robinson's widow, Helen Robinson.

Ewell's treatment of Helen most clearly portrays the lowliness of Ewell's character, as well as his inhospitality and inability to be neighborly. One reason why his treatment of Helen is so significant is because, not only does Ewell know she is a perfectly innocent person, he also knows that her late husband Tom Robinson was also perfectly innocent, that Ewell himself was the true culprit. Regardless of this knowledge, Ewell allows his family members to throw things at her as she makes her way past their home to her new job at Mr. Link Deas's house, Tom's former employer. When Deas threatens Ewell with the weight of the law, Ewell prevents his children from throwing things at her but begins following her instead. Helen reports that, all the way to Deas's house, "she heard a soft voice behind her, crooning foul words" (Ch. 27).

Hence, as we can see, Ewell's treatment of his neighbors in revenge of being shown to be guilty demonstrates he is not the sort of person who, in general, can be hospitable and neighborly.

Is the conclusion of Macbeth caused by the central character or the workings of fate? This question is posed for inclusion in an essay.

Fate is generally understood to refer to developments which are beyond a person's control - it is a synonym for destiny or providence.

Was Macbeth's death and the ascension to the throne by Malcolm therefore the result of destiny? The answer would be more no than yes. One has to accede that all of the characters were born because of fate - they had no control over their births. If Macbeth had not been born, there would have been no death, no tyranny by him, etc. The same with Malcolm. If he had not been born, his brother would in all probability, have been the first born and would have ascended to the throne.

Macbeth did not become a courageous and skillful swordsman because of destiny. He trained hard and fought his way through the ranks. It might have been his destiny that his father's title (thane of Glamis) was passed on to him - an act of providence, but he still had to prove himself to gain the respect and command that he won. This is displayed by the fact that king Duncan awarded him a further title, thane of Cawdor, for his bravery and loyalty.

Macbeth's 'overriding ambition' was a matter of choice. Circumstances beyond his control did not force him to be ambitious. The fact that the witches used equivocation and paradox to mislead him and that he believed their every utterance, was also not an act of destiny. We may say that his unfortunate first encounter with them may have been destined, but the fact that he ultimately believed what they said and that he acted upon their advice, was a choice that he made. He was in control and decided to believe in their predictions, unlike Banquo, who remained skeptical and expressed concern about his friend being enraptured by what they said.

The fact that the witches' first prediction was realized, acted as a spur to drive Macbeth towards his doom. He made a conscious decision to murder Duncan and was not forced into it. He could have ignored Lady Macbeth's urging and taunting and refused to commit this most foul deed, but he relented and did it anyway, knowing full well what the outcome would be.

Macbeth's second visit to the witches was definitely out of choice. He needed further conviction and assurance that he would not be challenged. The witches warning that he should, 'beware Macduff' drove him into murdering a once loyal compatriot's entire family. It was paranoia which drove Macbeth, not destiny. The fact that he had Banquo and many others killed, was a matter of choice.

Macbeth realized that he was so 'steeped in blood' that there was no turning back and he plodded forth in his relentless and murderous spree. He was the master of his fate and when, in his final confrontation with Macduff, he shockingly realized the depth of the witches' deception, he knew how wrong he had been and cursed the evil sisters. However, he stubbornly refused to break and bow to any authority, choosing to rather fight to the death. He was vanquished by Macduff who presented his head to Malcolm, who would later be crowned master of the realm.

Which color of light does chlorophyll reflect most?

Chlorophyll, found in producers like green plants and algae, is a pigment that can absorb visible light. The light energy is used during the process of photosynthesis when producers make organic compounds, like glucose, to be used as chemical energy. They use the inorganic compounds carbon dioxide and water to carry out this process.

Visible light consists of different wavelengths which correspond to the colors we see in a rainbow. They are, from longest to shortest, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. Chlorophyll doesn't absorb every color of the rainbow equally.

The greatest pigments absorbed by chlorophyll are the red and blue wavelengths. The color green is reflected by chlorophyll and not absorbed. The reflection of the green wavelength causes our eyes to perceive leaves as green. This is because leaves contain cells which have organelles known as chloroplasts which contain the chlorophyll pigment. Because green light is reflected, a green light source would not be effective for a plant to grow and carry out photosynthesis.

In terms of wavelengths, visible light has a range of 700 nanometers for the red end of the visible spectrum to 400 nanometers for the blue end of the spectrum. Green light has a range of 577-492 which is least absorbed by chlorophyll.

What is the role of society in Oedipus Rex?

In Oedipus Rex, the role of society (at least in the context of the play) is to serve as a barometer for social and ethical norms.  The chorus represents the voice of the Theban people, and thus can arguably be heard as the voice of society.  Throughout the play, the chorus comments on the major events to assess whether or not characters are making ethical choices.  For example, in Choral Ode II, the chorus says "The tyrant is a child of Pride" (Fitzgerald translation), suggesting that Oedipus is letting his hubris get in the way of his better judgement.  In the previous scene, Oedipus and Jocasta cast aside their belief in the veracity of oracles, and such a response in their culture is not ethical.  The people have faith and trust in the gods, so Oedipus's shunning of the gods is not acceptable.  So the chorus, or the voice of the people in society, criticizes his behavior.

How did Miss Franny come to own the library in Kate DiCamillo's Because of Winn-Dixie?

It is in Chapter 7 of Kate DiCamillo's Because of Winn-Dixie that Miss Franny Block explains how she came to own the library and be its librarian.

According to her story, she lived in Florida as a young girl, when Florida was still very rough and wild. In this rough wilderness, when Miss Franny was about the same age as Opal, which is ten years old, Herman W. Block, her father, said she "could have anything [she] wanted for [her] birthday." He was able to get her anything she wanted because he was very wealthy. Miss Franny further explains that she loved to read, even as a little girl, so she told her father the following:

Daddy, I would most certainly love to have a library for my birthday, a small little library would be wonderful. (Ch. 7)

So, he set to work building a small house and filling it with books, and when she was only Opal's age, Miss Franny became the librarian of that library her father had given her and has been ever since.

Miss Franny tells Opal the story of how she came to be a ten-year-old librarian the same day she sees Winn-Dixie looking in through the window, standing on his hind legs, and mistakes him for a bear she once saw in the library when she was a girl. Opal brings Winn-Dixie inside the library to hear the story too. After telling the story, Miss Franny confesses to how lonely she is since all the people she knew back when she was a girl and growing up are now dead. Opal suggests that the three of them--Opal, Miss Franny, and Winn-Dixie--all be friends. Miss Franny is so impressed by Winn-Dixie's politeness, friendliness, and smiles that she not only agrees to friendship but permits him to come into the library any time he wishes.

What is a summary of Chapter 1 in "The Hunger Games"?

The first chapter of The Hunger Games begins with Katniss Everdeen waking up on the morning of the Reaping. Her little sister, Prim (short for Primrose), had left her some goat cheese for breakfast. Katniss takes the cheese and heads out to the woods just outside the fence that served as the border of District 12. It is illegal for her to do this, but she does it anyway; she had started doing so with her father before he was killed, and he taught her how to hunt. She meets up with Gale, her hunting partner, in the woods, and after a bit of hunting, they sit down and eat some bread and cheese. As they do this, they talk about how they could run away and live in the woods because they are both so good at hunting, but because they both have family who is dependent upon them, they cannot.

After a bit more hunting, they head back into town with what they caught and go to the Hob, which is the black market where they can sell their goods. They return home after that and Katniss gets ready for the Reaping: she takes a bath, puts on one of her mother's nice dresses, and then her mother does her hair. By 2pm, all of the citizens of the district are in the square, with all the children between the ages of 12 and 18 arranged oldest to youngest with boys on one side and girls on the other; everyone else stands around them.

When the Reaping starts, the mayor of the town tells about the history of Panem, which was once North America, how the Capitol and the thirteen districts used to be before the Dark Days, when the districts rose against the Capitol and were subsequently defeated, with District 13 being destroyed entirely. From the Dark Days came the Treaty of Treason, which was meant to keep the Dark Days from happening again, and it also set up the Hunger Games, which was what the Reaping is for. Two tributes from each district are chosen by lottery to compete in the Games, the sole purpose of which is to survive; the lone survivor, called the Victor, is allowed to return home (though they have to serve as a mentor for the following tributes from their district), and their district is showered with gifts (most of which are food of various sorts).

Once Haymitch Abernathy (the only living Victor from District 12) stumbles drunk onto the stage, Effie Trinket (the Capitol escort for District 12) chooses the name of the female tribute from the glass bowl in front of her. Katniss had assured her little sister that her name would not be chosen because she was only in the lottery once (unlike Katniss, who was in the lottery 20 times), but the odds are not in her favor because the name Effie calls is Primrose Everdeen.

"The Bet"-- As an alternative to capital punishment what was suggested at the party? Why?

The men at the banker's party were arguing about capital punishment. 

The majority of the guests, among whom were many journalists and intellectual men, disapproved of the death penalty. They considered that form of punishment out of date, immoral, and unsuitable for Christian States. In the opinion of some of them the death penalty ought to be replaced everywhere by imprisonment for life.

This is interesting for contemporary readers because the issue is still being debated. Nobody suggests that a man who commits a really ghastly crime should be let off with a token sentence. But many people feel--and make their feelings loudly known on days of execution--that the death penalty is murder just the same as the murder committed by the man who is being executed. There are a great many countries in the world where the death penalty is a thing of the past. Even in the U.S.A. there are nineteen states in which the death penalty has been legally abolished.

The banker's opinion is a blend of cruelty and compassion. He thinks that the death penalty should be imposed because it is really life imprisonment that is the more cruel form of punishment. But he doesn't consider the fact that the condemned man might have a different opinion on the subject. The men at his party seem to agree that life imprisonment without the possibility of parole would mean life imprisonment in solitary confinement in the Russian equivalent of "death row." If a man is convicted of first-degree murder, it might be unwise to let him mingle with other convicts and with prison guards. He might commit another murder inside the prison.

This seems to be how the debate segues into a bet between the banker and the lawyer involving solitary confinement, which was not involved in the discussion before. The lawyer seems to be offering himself as a martyr for the cause of abolition of the death penalty. He seems determined to demonstrate that a man can improve himself in prison. He is not only interested in getting the two million rubles, but he is trying to prove that, as he says:

"To live anyhow is better than not at all."

The argument among the assembled intellectual men ends up proving nothing, just as the bet between the banker and the lawyer ends up proving nothing. The story opens just hours before the lawyer's fifteen years of confinement will end. The banker reflects:

"What was the object of that bet? What is the good of that man's losing fifteen years of his life and my throwing away two million? Can it prove that the death penalty is better or worse than imprisonment for life? No, no. It was all nonsensical and meaningless. On my part it was the caprice of a pampered man, and on his part simple greed for money ..."

Chekhov's stories often end inconclusively. He has influenced many modern writers with this aspect of his technique. If is as if he is saying that there are no easy solutions to life's problems. Raymond Carver, one of America's best short story writers, was a great admirer of Anton Chekhov. Carver kept a picture of Chekhov pinned to the wall above his writing desk. Carver's stories are full of problems, but the problems are frequently unresolved at the end. They may be even worse.

In the novel The Outsiders, where is Ponyboy's hideout located?

In Chapter 4, Ponyboy and Johnny approach Dally for advice and support in helping them run away. Dally gives them money, a gun, and advice on where to hide and how to get there. Dally instructs Ponyboy and Johnny to hop on a train and head towards Windrixville. Once the boys get off the train at Windrixville, they follow a long dirt road for 45 minutes until the reach an abandoned church at the top of Jay Mountain. The abandoned church is small and old. It gives Ponyboy a creepy feeling because of the spider webs hanging throughout it. Ponyboy mentions that the church is in the middle of nowhere. He says that there is a sharp drop in the ground directly behind the church where he can see a great distance over the valley.

How can I analyze "Sonnet 84" by William Shakespeare?

You can analyze a poem in a variety of ways by taking into account rhyme, meter, theme, subject, structure, etc.  I always like to start with rhyme.  "Sonnet 84" is a standard Shakespearean sonnet with its rhyme scheme.  The sonnet is comprised of four stanzas.  The first three stanzas are four lines each.  They each have an ABAB rhyme scheme.  The last stanza is rhymed couplet.  So the overall rhyme scheme of "Sonnet 84" is ABABCDCDEFEFGG.  

Each line of the poem contains 10 syllables.  The syllables alternate between an unstressed syllable and a stressed syllable.  That rhythm is the iambic foot.  Because each line has ten syllables, that means each line has five rhythmic iambic feet.  Simply put, "Sonnet 84" is written in iambic pentameter.  

As is common with Shakespearean sonnets, the final couplet is a sort of "twist" on the rest of the poem.  For twelve lines, the speaker narrates about how awesome some girl is.  She is so great that by simply writing about her, a piece of literature is made so good that it will become famous.

But he that writes of you, if he can tell
That you are you, so dignifies his story,
Let him but copy what in you is writ,
Not making worse what nature made so clear,
And such a counterpart shall fame his wit,
Making his style admired every where.

She sounds awesome.  Unfortunately, the last stanza knocks her down a peg or two.  Whoever this girl is, she loves hearing about herself.   This has the adverse affect of making people want to write more about her, which in turn degrades the quality of the writing.

You to your beauteous blessings add a curse,
Being fond on praise, which makes your praises worse.

What similarities do the women in Wharton's story "The Other Two" and in Chopin's story "At the Cadian Ball" exhibit that may exemplify the nature...

In both "At the Cadian Ball" and "The Other Two," we meet women who arrange, manage, and control their men. They are self-possessed people who know how to get what they want. A more negative perspective would see them as manipulative. A patriarchal reading might view the women's talents as "natural," and might understand them as exemplifying the nature of all women, but we as modern readers recognize these behaviors not as "natural," but as products of societies that dictate that women find and hold men by behaving in scripted ways.

Bobinot loves Calixta, the sexually alluring Creole. He thinks she has the "bluest, the drowsiest eyes" and lovely hair. Her voice is "like a rich contralto song" that must have "been taught by Satan." When he hears that his rival Alcee may be at the upcoming Cadian ball, he decides to be there, knowing Alcee is a threat. 

Clarisse, goddaughter to Alcee's mother, lives in the house with Alcee and her godmother. Alcee loves her, thinking she is "dainty as a lily; hardy as a sunflower; slim, tall, graceful, like one of the reeds that grew in the marsh. Cold and kind and cruel ..." He declares his love to her but she pushes him away with "the chill of her calm, clear eyes." Then, his rice crop is ruined by a cyclone. Clarisse's "heart melted with tenderness" after the disaster, but now he turns away with "mute indifference." Later, when praying in the moonlight, she sees him leave for the ball. Arriving there, Alcee tries to get Calixta to run off with him--the two have a past. Calixta is clearly attracted to him. "Calixta's senses were reeling; and they well-nigh left her when she felt Alcee's lips brush her ear."

Clarisse shows up at the ball. She says Alcee must come with her, but won't explain why. Alcee leaves with her, forgetting Calixta. At this point, Calixta accepts Bobinot's marriage offer, filling him with joy. She is indifferent.

Meanwhile, when Alcee and Clarisse stop to rest the horses, Clarisse says she came because she couldn't stand that Alcee was gone. "She had her face hidden in her arm that she was resting against the saddle when she said that." When she says that she loves him, Alcee thinks:

Calixta was like a myth, now. The one, only, great reality in the world was Clarisse standing before him, telling him that she loved him.

Both men ignore how the women turn from them or hide their faces, preferring to believe in their illusions about them, to believe they are loved.

In Wharton's story, Mr. Waythorn idealizes his wife. Alice Waythorn has, he contends, "perfectly balanced nerves." Alice, Waythorn thinks, has "a richer, warmer nature than his own." 

After he allows her first husband, Haskett, to come visit because their daughter Lily is sick: "Her [Alice's]face cleared at once, and as she looked at him across the flowers, between the rosy candle-shades, he saw her lips waver back into a smile."

He calls her "serene and unruffled," "happy" to be with him, "soft and girlish":

She seemed a creature all compact of harmonies. As the thought of Haskett receded, Waythorn felt himself yielding again to the joy of possessorship. They were his, those white hands with their flitting motions, his the light haze of hair, the lips and eyes. . . .

But as her former two husbands reenter her life, her facade slips. For example, she blushes when she puts cognac in Waythorn's coffee in error.

Waythorn also gets hints that Alice left her second husband, Varick, over lack of money, hardly sweet or ideal behavior.

Alice had also intimated that the first husband, Haskett, was a brute. Waythorn starts to realize, however, that Alice might have brutalized him instead and been a social climber. He sees that Haskett is "timid." He starts to resent Alice's "tact" and now sees her as juggler juggling "blunt knives" that will "never cut her." He wonders, however, as his illusions fade in the end, "if it were not better to own a third of a wife who knew how to make a man happy than a whole one who had lacked opportunity to acquire the art."

Both stories show women playing traditional roles, be it temptress or sweet, virginal lover, to get and/or hold their men. These stories are a critique of societies that encourage women to adopt these roles to get ahead and of the illusions men persist in holding about women and women's "nature." 

What effects would not likely result from enacting a free trade agreement?

At their core, free trade agreements are promises made between nations about how they will deal with imports and exports. The most common issue involved in any free trade agreement is tariffs, special taxes imposed upon imports or exports.

In the absence of an agreement, nations have an incentive to impose tariffs. More precisely, interest groups in each nation have this incentive. Auto workers in the US might want there to be a tariff on Japanese automobiles, for example; this would drive up the price of Japanese cars and thus give US auto companies an advantage in US markets. Even if the nation as a whole would not benefit, it is often the case that particular groups with significant political power benefit from tariffs and can lobby the government to impose them.

But once another country imposes tariffs on your exports, you have reason to impose tariffs on theirs. When this happens, both countries suffer, because the unfair advantages for certain industries in certain countries undermines competition and makes the market less efficient. The US car manufacturers may sell more cars in the US,  but they sell fewer in Japan; and typically they actually lose more from the tariffs of other countries than they gain from the tariffs in their own.

A free trade agreement is meant to solve this problem, by getting both nations to agree to remove their tariffs simultaneously. This makes the market more competitive, and can have all of the following effects:

1. Prices of goods go down
2. Quantities sold of goods go up
3. Local industries lose business to foreign industries
4. Local industries gain business from foreign industries
(yes, both of these are possible simultaneously; often they happen in different industries---for example, the corn industry might benefit while the textile industry suffers.)
5. Overall economic welfare improves in both countries
6. Government tax revenue decreases (tariffs provide revenue)

Many real-world free trade agreements also include additional provisions that are not about tariffs; for example they might include price floors or price ceilings on certain products, or demand certain environmental policies, labor standards, or intellectual property protections. These are often the things that end up being debated when any new trade agreement is proposed, because they are much more complex and controversial than tariffs per se. Environmental regulations can be good, for example, if they really do protect the environment from needless destruction; but they can also be bad, if they are so strict that they make it impossible to do business. Certain kinds of labor protections are necessary to keep workers from being exploited by multinational corporations; but other labor regulations only add red tape and do little to protect workers. Intellectual property is meant to protect creators and incentivize innovation, but it can also create barriers to innovation and raise prices. As a result of these complexities, there is often considerable disagreement as to whether any particular provision of a trade agreement will actually do more good than harm.

What crime did Tom Robinson serve 30 days for?

Some time before Tom Robinson's trial over the supposed rape of Mayella Ewell, he served time for a different crime. He went to jail for disorderly conduct for thirty days. This was the only other mark on his criminal record. In the courtroom, Atticus asked questions:

"It must have been disorderly," said Atticus. "What did it consist of?" (Chapter 19).

Tom Robinson explained that he had gotten into a fight with another man. The other man tried to hurt Tom with a knife. Tom was not truly able to fight back because of his bad arm. The man managed to cut Tom with the knife, but not badly. Tom could have paid a fine to avoid jail time, but he could not afford it. The man who he fought with had been able to pay, and therefore did not need to serve time in jail.

How does the ectoderm tissue develop to form a human body?

After fertilization occurs, the fertilized egg (zygote) undergoes many mitotic divisions resulting in the formation of a blastocyst. This stage of an embryo resembles a hollow ball of cells. Eventually, some cells move and form three distinct cell layers within the embryo. This stage is known as gastrulation. The gastrula almost resembles a hollow ball that is pushed in on one side. 

Different organs that will be present in the embryo arise from the three primary germ layers of the gastrula. The three layers are ectoderm (outer layer), mesoderm (middle layer) and endoderm (inner layer). These cell layers differentiate into specialized cells and tissues of the body.

The outermost layer or ectoderm cells will form parts of the body including the epidermis (skin), brain and nervous system. The role the ectoderm plays in forming the human body is helping to form essential outer portions like the integumentary system and the nervous system.

Mesoderm cells differentiate into cartilage, bone, blood vessels, muscles and the circulatory system.

Endoderm cells differentiate into the gut or digestive system, respiratory system and excretory system.

The process of gastrulation leads to the development of more specialized cells in the growing embryo.

In Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird, where does it say that Jem doesn't want anything to do with Scout at school?

Jeremy Finch, usually called Jem, is four years older than Jean Louise, normally called Scout. At the beginning of chapter two, Jem is entering 5th grade and Scout is entering 1st. With such a gap in ages, it is normal for an older brother not to want his little sister following him around at school. Scout says,

 "Jem condescended to take me to school the first day, a job usually done by one's parents, . . . I think some money changed hands in this transaction" (15).

This must have been a bit of a shock for Scout because Jem seemed to be her best friend along with Dill-- especially during the summer. Scout looks up to Jem, but she also sees him as an equal buddy and chum. She's a bit confused when Jem slows her down in front of the school and lays down the law. Scout explains the conversation as follows:

"Jem was careful to explain that during school hours I was not to bother him, I was not to approach him with requests to enact a chapter of Tarzan and the Ant Men, to embarrass him with references to his private life, or tag along behind him at recess and noon. I was to stick with the first grade and he would stick with the fifth. In short, I was to leave him alone" (16).

This is the beginning of Jem distancing himself from Scout. It becomes more pronounced later in chapters 12 and 13 as he matures even more.

In Animal Farm, in which ways do the animals behave like animals and how do the animals behave like humans?

The only animals that adopt human characteristics and behave as they do, are the pigs and to a certain extent Mollie, Moses the raven, the cat and Napoleon's guard dogs. The rest of the animals maintain their natural animal tendencies.

Mollie had been spoiled by Mr Jones and had been taught to become conceited. She had become used to wearing pretty ribbons and to eat sugar, habits which she was not prepared to sacrifice after the Rebellion. She was lazy and shirked doing even basic duties. She eventually ended up being owned by a publican so she could continue with her spoilt behaviour, a very human trait.

Moses repeatedly went around the farm to spread lies about Sugar Candy Mountain, an ideal place to which all animals would go to after death. He did not work and his lies had the support of the pigs since he was never punished for spreading them. This is a human quality, misleading and deceiving others for no particular reason, except for the pleasure to confuse. 

The cat became involved in teaching the birds but would often try to get them closer, for obvious reasons. She, just like Moses and Mollie, as well as Napoleon's dogs, hardly ever did any work and would disappear for long periods. Her deceptive and lazy nature make her more human.

Napoleon's guard dogs occupied a privileged position. Napoleon had secretly raised them since they were puppies and they had become loyal to him, acting on his brutal instructions, without question. They became tools of Napoleon's tyranny and kept the other animals in check, subjugating them to their master's authority. In this sense then, their assistance in the oppression of their fellow animals made them more human, since humans had been ruthlessly autocratic.

Of all the animals, the pigs, being the cleverest, had easily adopted human characteristics and quickly adopted their way of life. It started with them claiming privileges and denying these to other animals, such as their sole claim to the milk and windfall apples. Thereafter, they moved into the farmhouse and slept in beds. When murmurs were raised about their behaviour going against the principles of Animalism, they misled the animals, changed the commandments to suit them, and used propaganda to further confuse the others.

The pigs went even further, they started drinking alcohol, took to wearing human garments, walked on their hind legs and started carrying whips. Napoleon even took to smoking a pipe! The fact that they could read and write completes the cornucopia of human attributes that they possessed and exercised.

In the end, the pigs became so similar to the humans that it affected even their physical appearance. It became difficult for the other animals to distinguish between the two.

The creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again; but already it was impossible to say which was which.

What are the pros and cons of using DNA evidence in court?

I will assume you are referring to crime scene testing in criminal cases. DNA samples taken from the scene of a murder, rape or other crime can be used to confirm the identity of the perpetrator through comparisons with DNA taken from the suspects. It can also rule out suspects whose samples do not match. 

DNA analysis is highly accurate. Even very small quantities can be copied multiple times in a procedure called PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) so that there is enough to analyze. When the samples are run through gel electrophoresis, banding patterns can be verified with over a 99% accuracy rate, generally assuring that only one in many millions of people would match.

There are rigorous rules to ensure the sample is not contaminated. Samples must be sealed and the chain of custody must be documented. Because it narrows down suspects with such a high degree of accuracy and can be gathered from so many bodily sources, there are mostly pros associated with DNA evidence. Cons would mostly come into play with mishandling of samples. There can be issues if a person tested has recently received a blood transfusion, but if this is known, corrections can be made to account for the foreign DNA.

What does Jem ask Walter Cunningham to do?

In the beginning of Chapter 3, Scout is rubbing Walter Cunningham's nose in the dirt because he was the reason Miss Caroline "punished" her the day before. Jem intervenes and tells Scout to get off Walter because she is bigger than him. Jem attempts to make peace with Walter by asking him if he would like to come eat dinner at the Finch residence. Jem mentions to Walter that his father is a friend of the family and that they would be glad to have him over. Walter is a bit apprehensive at first because of his recent scuffle with Scout, but he eventually agrees to join the Finches for dinner. Jem's courteous invitation displays his maturity and kindness. While at dinner Walter and Atticus carry on an intriguing conversation about farm problems.

What are three epic similes in The Odyssey Book 20?

First, let us define a simile. A simile is a comparison using the words like or as. There are three noteworthy similes in Chapter 20 of The Odyssey by Homer.

The first simile we can look at compares Odysseus looking at what the suitors had done to his home upon his return to a female dog guarding her pups. Odysseus is compared to the mother dog and the people he cares about-his wife and son-are like the pups that the mother dog cares about.

Simile 1:

"Just as a bitch stands snarling
above her tender pups when she sees anyone
she does not recognize and is prepared to fight,
that how in his anger the heart within him growled
at their disgraceful acts."

In the second simile, Homer compares Odysseus and his tossing and turning as he tries to sleep to meat roasting on a spit over a fire that must be turned constantly so that it cooks evenly.

Simile 2:

"Just as a man
turns quickly to and fro on a blazing fire a stomach
stuffed with fat and blood when he’s keen to roast it fast,
that how Odysseus tossed around, wondering                          how he might get the shameless suitors in his grip,
one man against so many."

The first two similes use the word as to compare. In the third simile, Homer uses like to make the comparison. Homer compares Odysseus to a poor man unaccustomed to having comforts, when Odysseus refuses to lie down on the bed but rather chooses to sleep on a portico.

Simile 3:

 "When he thought of going to bed                                               to get some sleep, she told the women slaves                           to spread out bedding, but like a wretched man                           familiar with hard times, he had no wish                                     to lie down under blankets on a bed."

Homer is a master at creating inventive and descriptive similes. These are three epic similes that can be found in Chapter 20 of The Odyssey.

Describe Jem from To Kill a Mockingbird and explain, based on his behavior, whether or not he has the following qualities: laziness, cruelty,...

Jem is the son of Atticus Finch, who is the novel's most morally upright character. Atticus has raised Jem to be a tolerant, courageous young man with integrity. Jem's character does not exhibit laziness throughout the novel. There are several scenes that depict Jem confronting situations head-on and finishing tasks that were given to him. When Jem is told that he needs to read to Mrs. Dubose each day for an hour after school, including Saturdays, Jem follows through with the task. He even reads to Mrs. Dubose for a longer period of time than he was initially told. When Scout crashes into the Radley's house, it is Jem who runs into the yard and grabs the tire. Jem is continually telling Scout about what he learned in school. This tells the reader that Jem pays attention in school and gives effort. Atticus has taught Jem the importance of having a good work ethic, and Jem displays this effort throughout the novel.

There are times throughout the novel when Jem displays cruelty towards his younger sister, Scout. Jem can be dismissive of Scout sometimes and not consider her feelings when he excludes her from certain games during the summer. He chastises his sister by saying she acts like a "girl," and he has a tendency to boss her around. Despite his minor character flaws, Jem is an overall caring individual. He encourages Scout throughout the novel and offers emotional support in times of need. On the playground, he tells Scout things will eventually get better during her first day of school. Jem even stops Scout from harming Walter Cunningham Jr. when she attempts to beat him up. He shows concern for Scout's health when she eats the random chewing gum left in the knothole. In Chapter 25, Scout begins to poke a roly-poly bug, when Jem tells her quit because it is not bothering her. This moment conveys Jem's sensitive side and depicts his compassion towards innocent beings. Later on in the novel, Jem volunteers to walk Scout to the Haloween festival, and even cheers Scout up after her dismal performance at the pageant.

There are several scenes that depict Jem as a determined individual. At the beginning of the novel, Jem persistently attempts to make contact and view Boo Radley. First, Jem tries to leave a note in Boo's window but fails. Then, he conducts a nighttime raid on the Radley home to peek into the window. When Atticus warns the children not to play games that put their "neighbors' lives on display," Jem changes the names of the characters to continue playing. In Chapter 8, Jem is so determined to build a snowman, he uses dirt and snow from Maudie's yard to create one. Jem is also obsessed with the idea of starting on the football team, and Scout mentions how he is continually eating and drinking milk to gain weight to earn a spot on the roster. Jem has inherited his father's determination throughout the novel, and it is evident in numerous scenes.

What topics does Thucydides discuss in Book 2 of the History of the Peloponnesian War?

In the first book of his History of the Peloponnesian War, Thucydides gave the background information for the conflict, culminating with Pericles' first speech in Athens. In book 2, he gets into the meat of the narrative, depicting the events of the war which took place from 431-428 BC.

Both the Delians--led by Athens--and the Peloponnesians--led by Sparta--begin to mobilize their armies. Led by Archidamus, the Peloponnesians invade Attica (the section of Greece where Athens is located), but the Athenians subvert the attack by launching naval counterattacks near the Spartan homeland on the Peloponnese. 

Pericles rallies the Athenians with his famous "Funeral Oration," but Athens is struck by a terrible plague which kills many of its citizens and cripples its army (Pericles was among its many victims). To make matters worse, the Peloponnesians invade the Attica again. 

Thucydides narrates several more skirmishes and battles and ends the book with the Thracian campaign in Macedonia.

What were Virginia's feelings towards the ghost when she saw him for the first time?

Virginia comes face-to-face with the ghost in Chapter Five when she returns from a ride on Brockley Meadows with the duke. Initially, Virginia's reaction is typical of anyone who sees a ghost for the time: she wants to "run away" and hide in her room. But this quickly changes, once she realises the extent of the ghost's sadness:

"His head was leaning on his hand, and his whole attitude was one of extreme depression."

To make the ghost feel better, she tells him that her brothers are about to return to school and that nobody will be around to "annoy" him.

As their conversation progresses, Virginia's reaction to the ghost changes once again. She grows angry, for instance, as she learns about the murder of his wife and as he expresses his contempt for her "horrid, rude, vulgar" and "dishonest" family. 

Ultimately, Virginia is too kindhearted to bear a grudge towards the ghost and her anger melts away when he asks for her help to enter the Garden of Death. 

What are the themes in Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales?

Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales include so many characters and stories that it is difficult to narrow the entire work down to just a couple of themes—you could probably assign a different theme to every character and every character's tale, which would leave the reader with about 50 different themes.

It is, however, possible to broaden the scope a bit and consider two very general central messages that Chaucer is working to get across.

If we look at characters like the Pardoner, Summoner, Friar, and Monk, we have to consider Chaucer's theme to be satirical—he is criticizing the abuse of power, particularly as it pertains to the church. He says of the greedy Pardoner:

But best of all he sang an Offertory,

For well he knew that when that song was sung

He'd have to preach and tune his honey-tongue

An (well he could) win silver from the crowd.

We could state such a theme this way: People who are granted power over the helpless or less fortunate are sometimes liable to abuse that power, to the detriment of those they are supposed to serve.

Chaucer does not focus only on such corrupt characters. He also lovingly characterizes the Parson:

He was a shepherd and no mercenary.

Holy and virtuous he was, but then

Never contemptuous of sinful men,

Never disdainful, never too proud or fine,

But was discreet in teaching and benign.

The Parson treats his “sheep” as a parson should; he does not try to take advantage of them. He is even kind and patient with sinners.

His brother, the Plowman, is similarly good:

He would help the poor

for love of Christ and never take a penny

If he could help it,

The Parson and the Plowman exemplify the following theme:

Those who truly live according to God's will do good for those who need it most.

These are not the only possible themes in The Canterbury Tales. There are others, based on what Chaucer wrote about the different characters. There are also multiple ways of stating the themes I have given above. As long as your theme makes a statement about human nature that can be supported with evidence from the text, it should be a good one.

What is the central theme of "O Captain"?

The central theme is loss, or grief. The Captain lies dead after bringing his ship into port after a dangerous journey; he succeeded at his most dangerous task, his life was lost, and his crew mourns.

This is about Abraham Lincoln. After his death, he had become a legendary figure for winning a brutal Civil War and dying at an assassin's hand, both unprecedented events in American history. It's an extended metaphor; the ship is America, the Captain is Lincoln and the rough seas are the war (the central event in the life of Whitman and most of his contemporary countrymen).

Lincoln was not particularly revered during his lifetime, but after his assassination, he and his accomplishments attained a mythical status. America's next two assassinated presidents, Garfield and McKinley, received an almost blasé regard by comparison.

The poem is frequently read aloud at funerals.

How does Doug Swieteck feel about the New York Yankees in Gary Schmidt's Okay for Now?

In Gary Schmidt's Okay for Now, Doug absolutely loves the New York Yankees. He sees them as role models because the ballplayers achieve great things. Since he admires them so much, ballplayers like Joe Pepitone fill an empty place inside Doug's heart. Doug visualizes being friends with Joe since a friendship with Joe would make Doug look like an extraordinary person, not like the useless troublemaker other people see him as being because of the negative influences of his family members.

As Doug relays at the start of the story, the most meaningful moment in Doug's young life, prior to the start of the story, was the time Joe Pepitone and Horace Clarke came to Camillo Junior High School in New Jersey to meet Doug, along with his two classmates Danny Hupfer and Holling Hoodhood. The two Yankee stars played catch with the boys and sang the following as the boys showed off their batting skills: "He's a batta, he's a batta-batta-batta, he's a batta" (Ch. 1). Doug also informs us that "Horace Clarke gave Danny his cap, and Joe Pepitone gave Holling his jacket ..., and then Joe Pepitone handed [Doug] his cap" (Ch. 1).

Ever since that moment of what felt like friendship shared between the boys and the two baseball stars, Doug has occasionally fantasized about still being friends with Joe Pepitone at moments when he feels insecure. For example, on the first day that he arrives at the library well before it opens, because he is eager to see the drawing of the Arctic tern again, he sits on the marble steps waiting. Each person who passes him gives him a look that says he "doesn't belong there," which makes him feel very insecure (Ch. 1). Therefore, he starts wishing Joe Pepitone were there beside him, talking about his ball season. Doug feels that being seen with Joe Pepitone would make the people around him look at him admiringly, not like he is some hoodlum who doesn't belong.

In Chapter One, why did Tree-ear feel as if he was stealing?

In Chapter One, Tree-ear meets a farmer as he rummages among the village's rubbish heaps for scraps of food. The farmer is carrying a wooden-straw container in a jiggeh filled with rice. A jiggeh is an open-framed backpack fashioned from branches.

As the farmer walks along, rice trickles out from a small hole in the straw box. Tree-ear watches him with abiding interest but great ambivalence. His conscience tells him that he should alert the farmer to his problem. At the same time, if he refrains from speaking, the fallen rice kernels will be his once the farmer rounds the bend. In the end, Tree-ear's conscience wins, and he runs to alert the farmer. The farmer is extremely grateful for Tree-ear's honesty, and he tells Tree-ear that he can harvest the rice kernels on the ground if he can be bothered to pick them up.

Later, Tree-ear relates his story to Crane-man. He wants to know whether he is a thief for waiting until the farmer dropped a substantial amount of rice before alerting him. Crane-man is philosophical in his answer. He asks Tree-ear what the farmer would think if he knew the truth. In response, Tree-ear answers that the friendly farmer would not have minded and that he would have laughed upon discovering the truth.

So, because of Tree-ear's conscientious nature, he felt as if he was stealing. Additionally, Crane-man had always taught him that "work gives a man dignity, stealing takes it away." Later, we see more evidence of Tree-ear's conscientious nature when he offers to work for Min to make up for accidentally breaking a clay piece.

In The Outsiders, why is Johnny the shy one?

Johnny is shy because he has a difficult home life and he was recently jumped by Socs.

Johnny is sensitive to begin with, but he becomes more sensitive after the Socs jump him.  This experience really traumatizes him.  The greasers can’t walk alone, or they get jumped by Socs.  Even though Johnny has a horrible home life, the beating from the Socs frightened him most of all.

"There was a whole bunch of them," Johnny went on… "A blue Mustang full... I got so scared..." He tried to swear, but suddenly started crying … I had seen Johnny take a whipping with a two-by-four from his old man and never let out a whimper. (Ch. 2) 

Johnny is unusual for a greaser.  He is quiet and deep.  Pony says that he is the gang’s pet, meaning that everyone loves and looks after Johnny.  Dally doesn’t hit him when he sticks up to him to protect Cherry, because Johnny is treated with kid gloves by everyone. 

Johnny’s experience at home is not as good.  His mother is distant, and his father is abusive.  Johnny feels like no one there cares about him. 

"I think I like it better when the old man's hittin' me." Johnny sighed. "At least then I know he knows who I am. I walk in that house, and nobody says anything. I walk out, and nobody says anything. I stay away all night, and nobody notices. At least you got Soda. I ain't got nobody." (Ch. 3) 

This is the reason Johnny refuses to even let his mother come in to see him when he is in the hospital.  As the doctors and nurses had figured out, the gang of greasers is Johnny’s real family.  He feels like all his mother does is blame him and yell at him, and all his father does is hit him.

List the three slogans of the party.

In Part 1, Chapter 1 of 1984, Winston sees the three party slogans etched on to the building of the Ministry of Truth. These are:

WAR IS PEACE

FREEDOM IS SLAVERY

IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH 

To the reader, these slogans may seem very strange. War and peace, for example, are opposing concepts; so too are freedom and slavery, and ignorance and strength. But this gives us an insight into a concept called 'doublethink,' whereby a person is able to take contradictory ideas and "accept them, simultaneously," as being true. It is through doublethink that the party is able to assert its control over the people of Oceania. By forcing them to accept party propaganda, its rewriting of history and its norms and values, it is able to destroy free-will and independent thought. Over time, people come to accept whatever they are told by the party. If the party says that war and peace are the same thing, for instance, the majority come to accept it and it becomes truth. 

Was Hitler Jewish?

Although we cannot know for sure, there is no conclusive proof that Hitler was Jewish.  For a detailed discussion of this question, follow the link below.

In general, the claim that Hitler was Jewish arose from the fact that the identity of his paternal grandfather was not (and still is not) known.  Hitler’s paternal grandmother worked as a domestic in the home of a wealthy Jew.  This could have meant that some male member of that family was Hitler’s grandfather.

More recently, DNA evidence from people known to be related to Hitler have shown DNA that is commonly found in North Africans and Jews.  However, this DNA is not only found in such people, which means that there is no clear proof that Hitler had any Jewish ancestry.

The idea that Hitler was Jewish came largely from political enemies who wanted to discredit Hitler.  While the idea cannot be disproven with certainty, mainstream historians do not accept the claim that Hitler had Jewish ancestry.

Define and discuss the objectives of Human Resource Planning at the organizational level. How does it help in determining and evaluating future...

The objectives of human resource planning within the organization are to assess and plan for the organization's human resource needs, to create strategies to meet those needs through recruitment, hiring, and training, to set human resources policy within the requirements of relevant law and regulation, to create mechanisms to administer benefits, and to set policies on separation from employment.

Not only does HR help to determine and evaluate an organization's capabilities, future needs, and potential problems, planning for capabilities, needs, problems is in fact a crucial part of the HR department's work, allowing it to administer to all employees competently and efficiently and to keep the organization properly staffed at all times.

If the organization is not operating up to its potential capability, this is something that can be addressed by human resources planning.  For example, is the organization planning to expand?  Human resources must plan for this before the organization begins its expansion or there will be no employees to work in a new or larger facility.  Are there many people who are getting ready to retire?  This must be planned for, so there is no down time for replacements. 

What also must be planned for is the nature, skills, qualities of the employees who might need to be hired.  There may not be a good pool of local candidates.  There might be training needs.  If there is high turnover within the organization, human resources planning needs to account for that, as well as needing to assess why there is such high turnover to begin with.  Recruitment and hiring criteria must be planned for, to assure the highest quality of candidate and selection.  Once employees are hired, there should be policies in place for operating successfully within the corporate structure. For example, there should be a clear sexual harassment policy that dictates a complaint process, an investigation procedure, and clear consequences.  The administration of benefits must be planned for in compliance with local, state, and federal law.  All termination proceedings should be a function of clear policy and procedure in accordance with laws, since termination may put the organization at risk for lawsuits. 

Human resources planning is central to the success of any organization, and is required to:

achieve the objectives of estimating potential human resources requirements; to cope with changing requirements of the organisation taking into consideration the changing technology; to make full utilization of the existing and potential workforce of the organisation; and [to facilitate] career planning of employees. (whatishumanresource.com)

In light of these departmental HR objectives, HR objectives at the organizational level include:

• 
  cost reduction by having the right people in the right numbers at the right places ant the right times.


• 
  labor costs reduction through optimization of human resources.


• 
  managing costs on foreseeable human resources problems.


• ensuring smooth cost-saving transitions by training employees and preparing managers for "succession" through promotion.

What are the most profound experiences that Frederick Douglass has as a slave? How are these experiences essential to his eventual freedom as noted...

Arguably, the most profound experiences that Douglass has as a slave, which lead to his eventual freedom, are the beating of his Aunt Hester, his learning to read, and his battle with Mr. Covey.  Early on, Douglass tells the reader about the brutal beating given to his Aunt Hester.  He describes in plain yet descriptive language the bloody mess made of his aunt's body.  From this experience, Douglass learns the brutal nature of slavery, which motivates him to yearn for his freedom.  Later, Douglass learns to read, which allows him to understand through books that the North would be a better place for him.  And last, Douglass's battle with Mr. Covey is what Douglass calls a "turning point" in his life because he gains a sense of confidence and self-respect that lays the foundation for his later attempts at running away to gain his freedom.

What quotes from Crime and Punishment support the recurring motif of bridges and crossroads?

You've chosen a very interesting motif, and you're right, there are many examples throughout the novel of this motif. In fact, we have a bridge appear in the very first sentence of the novel:

"On an exceptionally hot evening early in July a young man came out of the garret in which he lodged in S. Place and walked slowly, as though in hesitation, towards K. bridge."

Raskolnikov is thinking about attempting something but with hesitation. So the question is, will he "cross this bridge," will he attempt what he is thinking about? 

Later on, he does indeed cross the bridge, and gets a sense of relief, of freedom, from doing so:

"Crossing the bridge, he gazed quietly and calmly at the Neva, at the glowing red sun setting in the glowing sky...Freedom, freedom! He was free from that spell, that sorcery, that obsession!"

An interesting quote that discusses R.'s relationship with roads describes how he often wanders down roads without knowing where he is going, so the roads in this case could symbolize his general state of confusion and uncertainty. Dostoevsky writes,

"It had happened to him many times going home
not to notice the road by which he was going, and he was accustomed to walk like that."

In another passage, R. is not at a crossroads persay, but is in a doorway/gateway and is hesitating. R. often hesitates at crucial points, and at roads, doors, and bridges:

"He stood hesitating in the gateway. To go into the street, to go a
walk for appearance' sake was revolting; to go back to his room, even more revolting."

At one point, R. has a dream, and in that dream there is a road leading to a graveyard:

"Near the tavern the road became a dusty track, the dust
of which was always black. It was a winding road, and about a hundred paces further on, it turned to the right to the graveyard."

When he awakes from the dream, he asks himself if he is really going to commit the murder, so the road in the dream could represent a pathway to death.

Here are two more quotes discussing a bridge:

"This reminded him of the bridge over the Little Neva and he felt cold again as he had when standing there. 'I never have liked water,' he thought, 'even in a landscape...'"

And then a short while later, R. thinks,

"'In another week, another month I shall be driven in a prison van over this bridge, how shall I look at the canal then?'"

In these quotes, R. contemplates the bridge and the water underneath, and he doesn't have a good feeling about the bridge or where it is leading.

There is a quote mentioning a crossroads in addition to the one you mentioned:

"They had just reached the cross-roads. The man turned to the left without looking behind him. Raskolnikov remained standing, gazing after him."

The man who accuses R. as being the murderer goes one way and R. just stands there, once again stuck at a crossroads.

Later on in the book, R. is trying to convince Sonia to take a certain "road" or "path" with him: "So we must go together on the same road!"

There is yet another mention of crossroads, by Sonia, who says to R.,

"'Go at once, this very minute, stand at the cross-roads, bow down, first kiss the earth which you have defiled and then bow down to all the world and say to all men aloud, 'I am a murderer!' Then God will send you life again. Will you go, will you go?'"

Sonia sees the crossroads as an opportunity for R. to redeem himself and confess.

There are certainly other mentions of bridges and roads in the novel, but hopefully these are enough to get you started on your essay. And of course you can write a much more detailed analysis of how you interpret the quotes.

Before the first vote is taken,what do you learn about the defendant in 12 Angry Men?

At the beginning of the play, 12 Angry Men, the audience is given very little information about the defendant.  As the play unfolds, we get more information when we start discovering the jurors’ prejudices and feelings about the young man.

However, we do learn a few things.  The first thing we learn is from the judge who instructs the jury that the defendant is accused of first-degree murder or premeditated homicide.  In the jury room as the jurors get ready to vote, we find out that the defendant is accused of killing his father with a knife.  Supposedly, evidence shows that the defendant purchased a switchblade knife that he said he lost through a hole in his pocket.  We also witness Juror #10 stereotyping him when he describes the defendant as being allowed to “run wild.”  The switchblade and the “wildness” of the defendant suggest that many jurors have decided he is already a criminal or gang member.

That’s all we learn at the very beginning about the defendant who, luckily, is later found innocent.

How would Bryon and Mark both be considered protagonists in the novel That Was Then, This Is Now by S.E. Hinton?

In literature, a protagonist is the main character of the novel. Bryon and Mark could both be considered protagonists in the novel That Was Then, This Is Now because they are both the central characters in the story. Bryon is the dynamic main character who gains perspective and changes his outlook on life as the novel progresses. Mark is Bryon’s best friend who disregards authority throughout the novel and engages in criminal behavior. The story revolves around Bryon and Mark’s relationship, which makes them both main characters. Both Bryon and Mark’s behaviors, personality, and lives are examined, and their relationship changes as they grow distant from one another. Bryon develops a sense of empathy and perspective, while Mark remains selfish and defiant. Their differing personalities and directions in life take a toll on their friendship. Eventually, Bryon calls the police on Mark and their relationship is negatively affected.

Describe the historical perspective of linguistics.

Languages have always been in flux, from the beginning of mankind's ability to speak, and they will continue to be always in flux.  Historical linguistics is a discipline in which the history of these changes is studied. The historical perspective brings to bear interest in the development of languages, the lost languages of ancient times, the migrations of languages geographically and culturally, the salvage of languages that are on the verge of dying, and predictions about present and future changes in language.

Our knowledge of the English language is just one example of the value of the historical linguistic perspective. Linguists have been able to trace its roots all the way back to an "original" Indo-European language through their studies.  They are able to make connections between English and other languages, and we have learned that English is a largely Germanic language from linguists, who have traced the similarities between them. Linguists have also found that English comprises elements of Latin, French, and Scandinavian in it, through the examination of the commonality of these languages.  Through their research into the English language historically and all over the world, they are able to provide us with its origins and its changes, as it is imported to other places.  They can also make some good predictions about future changes through their studies.

Linguists also have a great concern about dead languages and languages that are on the verge of demise.  All languages offer precious clues to language in general, and any language that is lost is depriving us of important information about how languages have developed, how they have differed, and how they have remained the same.  This gives us precious insights into the relationships between people and language, the relationships between culture and language, the relationships between history and language, and the relationships between geography and language. How we think the same and how we think differently are important insights to be gleaned, and the historical perspective provides the motivation to study dead languages and to save those that are dying, since these offer evidence of this as much as living languages do.

Even though historical linguistics is a specialty, I would say that all of linguistics has to some degree a historical perspective.  Most of what we know about language from a linguistic point of view is rooted in its history.    

How does Steinbeck present the character Lennie in Of Mice and Men?

Lennie is portrayed in a few different ways. First, physically speaking, Lennie is a giant of a man.  He has prodigious strength.  We can see this in the work he does on the field. We can also see this in his reluctant fight with Curley. We should also add that Lennie does not know his own strength, which will get him into trouble.

Second, Lennie is slow.  From the beginning we can see that Lennie is mentally challenged.  He is, therefore, like an innocent child. He is probably the only character in the novella that does not have a mean bone in his body. He is also fiercely loyal to George. We can see this loyalty in his interaction with Crooks.  When Crooks intimates that someone might harm George, Lennie gets upset.

Finally, Lennie does not fit into Steinbeck’s world.  He is the odd man out.  People do not know what to do with him. He is too innocent, too slow, and too childlike in a world of jaded adults, who will do whatever it takes to survive. This is partially why, George had to put him down. From this perspective, Lennie is a tragic figure.

What are two functions of carbohydrates?

The main function of carbohydrates in a living organism is to supply energy for life processes. When food is consumed by animals, one of the ultimate products of digestion is glucose, a carbohydrate that is carried to all the organism's cells. Once inside the cell, it is broken down in a process called cellular respiration. In simplified form, this means that carbohydrates and oxygen result in energy for the cell, with carbon dioxide and water as the resulting products of the reaction. Plants perform cellular respiration, but they also perform the "opposite" reaction of photosynthesis. Plants use carbon dioxide and water, plus the energy of the sun (or in some specialized cases, chemical energy) to build carbohydrates and release oxygen.

Other molecules can also be broken down in a living organism to supply energy; a supply of carbohydrates prevents proteins from being broken down for energy production. Carbohydrates are stored as glycogen if there is an excess.

Carbohydrates are structural parts of DNA/RNA. They are also part of the cell membrane, involved in cell recognition by other cells; ie, so that the organism's immune response recognizes cells as being part of the organism, and not an unwanted bacteria or fungus.

What does "spirited offense" mean in Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird?

In Chapter 5 of Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird, narrator Scout describes Miss Maudie as responding to Scout's Uncle Jack Finch with a "spirited offense." The word offense generally refers to something that has offended or displeased someone; however, offense has also derived another meaning that is applied to sports. In sports, an offense is an attack that prevents the opposing team from scoring points. The word spirited can mean lively or even courageous. Hence, Scout is describing Miss Maudie as one who defends herself against the teases of Uncle Jack by attacking Uncle Jack in a very lively and bold manner.

In Chapter 5, Scout recounts that every year Uncle Jack travels from Nashville to Maycomb to visit the Finch family for Christmas, and every Christmas, Uncle Jack yells across the street to Miss Maudie to tell her to come and marry him. Each year, Miss Maudie reciprocates by yelling, "Call a little louder, Jack Finch, and they'll hear you at the post office, I haven't heard you yet!" (Ch. 5). Scout further recounts that, when asked, Uncle Jack explains he is just "trying to get Miss Maudie's goat," which means he is trying to irritate her. He further explains that he is the "last person in the world Miss Maudie would think about marrying but the first person she thought about teasing," and to tease someone is to laugh at the person by making jokes at the person's expense. Therefore, Miss Maudie is teasing Uncle Jack by pretending not to have heard him. Plus, she is defending herself against his teasing her through attacking him in a lively and bold way by pretending he isn't worthy of being heard. Hence, all in all, the phrase "spirited offense" simply means that Miss Maudie is attacking Uncle Jack in a lively way via her own teasing.

Ha has grown both physically and mentally over the course of Part 3 of the novel. How has she changed? How would you describe her best attribute or...

Over the course of Part III: Alabama, Hà has learned, first of all, to compromise. We see how this plays out in her relationship to the American foods that she dislikes so much. She starts off in this section hating the American-style chicken she's served, forcing herself to make "yum-yum sounds" so as not to offend her "cowboy" host, but she compares the chicken to "bread soaked in water." But by the end of this section, Hà has accepted the compromised version of her favorite fruit, papaya: instead of leaving the dried and grossly over-sugared papaya strips in her trash can, she discovers that her mother has taken them out and soaked them in hot water to reconstitute them and dissolve the sugar. "Hummm... Not the same, but not bad at all," Hà muses. She's learned to genuinely appreciate what she's given, rather than faking it: a mature compromise to make. I would call this ability to compromise her best new trait. Her comment, "Not the same, but not bad at all," is a good representation of how she's learned to adjust to her entire life away from Vietnam in the foreign environment of Alabama.

Hà also begins to see her classmates as not just a mass of foreign shapes, some of which are frightening (like "Pink Boy") but rather as individuals, some of whom are worthy of friendship. Notice how she sees her classmates at the beginning of Section III, in the part labeled "Rainbow." Instead of hearing what her classmates say, she sees them as "Hair the color of root on milky skin," "White hair on a pink boy," "Hair with barrettes in all colors on bronze head," and so on. But by the end of Section III, despite the harassment she's endured from "Pink Boy," Hà has made friends with both Pam and Steven.

In addition, Hà has gone from feeling dumb in school to actually feeling smart. When she first arrived at school, she was made to recite letters and numbers aloud in front of the class, like a much smaller child. She felt embarrassed and stupid. But by the time she works out a two-digit by two-digit multiplication problem on the chalkboard faster than Pink Boy can do it, she feels "Smart Again"—the title of that part of Section III.

Physically, Hà has grown her hair out long, just like she always wanted to, and her skin has darkened thanks to her walks to and from school in the sun. These physical changes probably serve to represent the more important mental and behavioral changes listed above.

Then, what is Hà's worst flaw that appears in Section III? I'd say it's her tendency to lord power over her classmates when she gets the chance. "I used to like making the girl who shared my desk cry," she confesses to her mother, recalling what she did back home in Vietnam. Even this awful trait, though, is starting to disappear from Hà. We know because when she's about to fight Pink Boy, he's fallen down onto the pavement. This is when Hà stops to consider:

"I thought I would love

seeing him in pain."

But she realizes that she doesn't. Even though it's her chance to kick him, she doesn't do it.

What is the moral reconciliation of The Hobbit?

The moral reconciliation of a story is the lesson the character or characters have learned as a result of the events that transpired in the book. In other words, how have the events of the story caused them to reevaluate their morals or perceptions?

In The Hobbit, we have several examples of characters with changed perceptions as a result of their adventures. The first is Bilbo Baggins. When we first meet him, Bilbo is not at all interested in doing anything unexpected, out of the ordinary, or adventurous. In the first chapter, when he meets Gandalf the wizard, Gandalf says:

I am looking for someone to share in an adventure that I am arranging, and it's very difficult to find anyone.

Bilbo responds:

I should think so - in these parts! We ... have no use for adventures. Nasty disturbing uncomfortable things! Make you late for dinner!

Clearly, Bilbo here believes that adventures or unexpected activities of any sort have little value and wants no part in them. Yet by the end of the novel, Bilbo is quite changed. Though he still likes his life in the Shire, we learn that he

remained an elf-friend, and had the honour of dwarves, wizards, and all such folk as ever passed that way: but he was no longer quite respectable... he took to writing poetry and visiting the elves; and though... few [hobbits] believed any of his tales, he remained very happy to the end of his days.

At the end of the novel we see that Bilbo cherishes his adventure. He hangs his sword above the mantle and writes a book about his experience. His moral evaluation of adventures and life outside the Shire is transformed. 

Another character who undergoes a moral reconciliation is Thorin. At the beginning, the dwarf is obsessed with regaining his family's treasure in the Lonely Mountain. He feels the treasure has been stolen by Smaug the Dragon. However, before his death at the end of the novel, he says:

If more of us valued food and cheer and song above hoarded gold, it would be a merrier world. 

He has been influenced by Bilbo as well as the events of the novel and has reevaluated his moral perceptions of the gold he spent the whole novel pursuing. 

The moral reconciliation of The Hobbit, therefore, is that Bilbo comes to appreciate adventure and excitement as enriching life, and that Thorin, in his final moments, recognizes the value of enjoyment and experiences above gold and riches. 

Please provide 6 quotes (page numbers included) from To Kill a Mockingbird that show people are all the same on the inside, and regardless of skin...

To Kill a Mockingbird employs many different themes, but most of it centers around racism and learning to either live with it or to fight against it. Many of the best quotes might not explicitly focus around racism, but the same lesson can be learned from them. For example, Calpurnia teaches Scout to respect everyone no matter who they are in the following quote:

"Hush your mouth! Don't matter who they are, anybody sets foot in this house's yo' comp'ny, and don't you let me catch you remarkin' on their ways like you was so high and mighty!" (24).

Calpurnia defines company without color, so it can be inferred that this means black, white, or any race as well as social status.

Next, Atticus teaches Scout to respect everyone by considering where other people are coming from. This too can be applied to any race because many people in Maycomb do not have such wisdom because of racial prejudices:

"First of all, . . . if you can learn a simple trick, Scout, you'll get along a lot better with all kinds of folks. You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view" (30).

Another good one from Atticus is when he is discussing the Tom Robinson case with his brother Jack:

"Why reasonable people go stark raving mad when anything involving a Negro comes up, is something I don't pretend to understand. . . I just hope that Jem and Scout come to me for their answers instead of listening to the town" (88).

In the above passage, Atticus is wondering why people need to be racist, but it is not explicitly expressed. Atticus usually doesn't say that people are the same no matter what their race, but he also demonstrates it by how he acts respectfully towards all and by honorably defending Tom Robinson in court.

Then Dill gets physically and emotionally sick when Mr. Gilmer treats Tom Robinson like nothing in court. Scout tells Dill that this is the way people talk to black people and Dill responds with the following:

"I don't care one speck. It ain't right, somehow it ain't right to do 'em that way. Hasn't anybody got any business talkin' like that--it just makes me sick" (199).

Thus, Dill knows deep down that it isn't right to treat people differently because of their race and it is manifested by him feeling sick about it.

Fortunately, Atticus gets to speak up for Tom Robinson during the closing remarks in the trial, and he gets to tell his friends and neighbors how life should be, as follows:

"But there is one way in this country in which all men are created equal--there is one human institution that makes a pauper the equal of a Rockefeller, the stupid man the equal of an Einstein, and the ignorant man the equal of any college president. That institution, gentlemen, is the court. . . in this country our courts are the great levelers, and in our courts all men are created equal" (205).

Finally, Miss Maudie drives it all home with her riveting speech to Scout and Aunt Alexandra as they sit collecting themselves to rejoin a tea party of racist women spewing out racist comments. They've also just found out that Tom Robinson was shot and they must continue to play the upstanding roles they've been given in their community. Maudie says the following:

"The handful of people in this town who say that fair play is not marked White Only; the handful of people who say a fair trial is for everybody, not just us; the handful of people with enough humility to think, when they look at a Negro, there but for the Lord's kindness am I. . . The handful of people in this town with background, that's who they are" (236).

When acting as Lady Macbeth how should I act?

Lady Macbeth has a fascinating character arc, from the cold ambition she displays upon her first entrance, to the intense throes of guilt she experiences as she comes to terms with her role in Duncan’s murder.

From her very first entrance, Lady Macbeth displays her great ambition: In some of her first words to her husband, she tells him she fears his nature is “too full o’ the milk of human kindness” to kill Duncan and become King. This Lady Macbeth is cold, calculating, and will do anything to see her ambitions fulfilled. Indeed, in the same scene (the first in which we meet Lady Macbeth) she utters these words:

Come, you spirits
That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here
And fill me, from the crown to the toe, top-full
Of direst cruelty! 

Here she calls upon the supernatural to strip her of her feminine, nurturing qualities (“unsex me”), and to replace them with the “direst cruelty”. In the same soliloquy (Act I Scene V), she instructs these spirits (‘murdering ministers’) to “Come to [her] woman’s breasts/And take [her] milk for gall”. Lady Macbeth rejects her role as mother and nurturer in favor of ambition. It is interesting that many of Lady Macbeth’s most evil, horrific statements like these involve her rejection of her ‘proper’ role as mother; most notably in Act I Scene VII:

I have given suck, and know
How tender ’tis to love the babe that milks me:
I would, while it was smiling in my face,
Have pluck'd my nipple from his boneless gums,
And dash'd the brains out, had I so sworn as you
Have done to this.

I have seen these scenes played with stony anger, or shrill anger, and both of these are perfectly good approaches. I think it would be interesting to play with this a little bit though: it would seem very evil indeed for Lady Macbeth to say these lines flippantly, emphasizing Macbeth’s failure to fulfill his oath rather than the horrific details of Lady Macbeth killing her own child. Having said this, the ‘shrill anger’ approach may help to foreshadow Lady Macbeth’s eventual guilty breakdown.

When Lady Macbeth is in her guilt, I would play her as much more feminine, delicate and damaged than she seemed before. Her breakdown can be seen as a punishment not just for her role in Duncan’s murder, but for her rejection of her femininity. For that reason, it may be helpful for her to act as though she is desperately trying to claw back this lost femininity, which indeed she is: her obsessive hand-washing is her (futile) attempt to cleanse herself of her treacherous act, and part of that treachery is her rejection of her God-given, feminine role as mother and nurturer. 

Why was Clarisse considered anti-social in Fahrenheit 451?

Clarisse was considered anti-social because her family believed in slowing down.

Clarisse is Montag’s neighbor. She is just a teenager, but she is also wise. Her family is very unique in Montag’s society. In a world where everyone drives fast and never stops to talk, Clarisse’s family sits around socializing. They think that people are more important than television.

"Oh, just my mother and father and uncle sitting around, talking. It's like being a pedestrian, only rarer. My uncle was arrested another time-did I tell you?-for being a pedestrian. Oh, we're most peculiar." (Part I)

Clarisse is seventeen, but doesn’t like kids her age because they like to drive too fast and do not care if they kill each other. She is the one killed when a “beetle” runs her over. Montag is saddened when he finds out, but no one else seems to care.

Beatty warns Montag that Clarisse’s family is bad news. He seems to think she is better off being dead.

Clarisse McClellan? We've a record on her family. We've watched them carefully. Heredity and environment are funny things. You can't rid yourselves of all the odd ducks in just a few years. The home environment can undo a lot you try to do at school. (Part I)

According to Beatty, Clarisse really was “seventeen and crazy.” He thinks that her entire family is made up of bad seeds. They do not conform to the expectations of society. This is why Clarisse was so philosophical. Her family taught her to ask questions and think for herself.

Clarisse changed Montag’s entire worldview when she asked him if he was happy. He had already been having doubts about being a fireman, but Clarisse’s cheery attitude and philosophical conversation helped him see that he wanted more from his life than a distant wife and a career stamping out intellectualism.

What are the political effects of World War I?

There were political effects of World War I both in the United States and around the world. At home, during World War I, the power of the federal government increased. The government, through the War Industries Board, regulated the production of materials. The government also controlled people’s speech with the passage of the Sedition Act. The government also drafted soldiers to fight in the war as a result of the Selective Service Act. Another impact at home was that people were tired of the United States being involved in world affairs. This helped Warren G. Harding get elected on a platform of returning to normalcy.

Around the world, there were also political effects. A weak republic, the Weimar Republic, was established in Germany. However, because of the excessive reparations Germany had to pay, $33 billion, the economy of Germany collapsed, and the Weimar Republic failed. This helped lead to Adolf Hitler’s rise to power. Another international impact of World War I was the creation of many new countries. As a result of the policy of self-determination, new countries were created based on ethnicity. The goal was to have people being ruled by their own ethnic group. Thus, countries like Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia were created.

A final political effect was the creation of a world organization designed to try to prevent war from occurring. The League of Nations formed so countries could talk about their issues instead of fighting over them. Unfortunately, the League of Nations was not successful in accomplishing these goals.

Who is Bolden in Monster?

Wendell Bolden is one of the witnesses that the prosecutor, Petrocelli, brings to the stand in Steve Harmon's murder trial. Like Salvatore Zinzi, who testifies before him, Bolden is a guy who has already served some prison time. One of Petrocelli's "dirty tricks" as a lawyer is to link guys like Zinzi and Bolden with Steve in the eyes of the jury, so they'll think that Steve is a lowlife and a criminal too.

Bolden is in court to testify to a conversation he had with Bobo (who was probably the dumbest of the 4 people involved in the convenience store robbery, as his own testimony shows). Bolden claims that after the robbery, Bobo sold him some cigarettes, and basically blabbed enough for Bolden to figure out that Bobo was part of the robbery Bolden had heard about, where someone was killed. Knowing that information could be useful, Bolden pulled it out when he next went to jail – too bad he had already mentioned it to Sal Zinzi, who used it himself. 

Bolden's testimony shows readers a good deal of his character. He says that he's done jail time for breaking and entering and for drug possession. He also admits that he would have done jail time for assault, but those charges will be dropped if he testifies for Steve's case. This ulterior motive is something that both defense lawyers seize on, insisting that someone like Bolden would have no trouble lying to avoid more jail time. Even though he insists that he is just "trying to do the right thing," it's pretty clear that he's only testifying to look out for himself. 

According to Truman, why do unions exist ?

President Truman believed unions were necessary for workers. He believed that without a union to represent the workers, the workers and the working class would be treated poorly. He believed that businesses had little incentive to improve pay, offer a decent benefits package, provide good working conditions, and have decent work hours. If one worker tried to bring about a change by himself or herself, that worker would be fired. When all the workers united with a union representing them, the workers had a much better chance of getting a fair deal from the business owners. While President Truman understood why unions were needed, he was not a strong supporter of some of the union activities. However, he needed the support of labor, and he worked to help them.

President Truman believed the workers needed a voice in order to make their lives better. He knew what had happened before unions existed. Workers had a difficult time getting improvements in their entire working package. Truman believed the unions gave workers the voice they needed to get the pay, the working conditions, the benefits package, and the fair working hours that they deserved.

How does Holden's red hunting cap or the Museum of Natural History show Holden's coming of age in The Catcher in the Rye?

Throughout The Catcher in the Rye, it's clear Holden is fighting his growing up, which is symbolized perfectly by his enjoyment of the Museum on Natural History. In Chapter 16, Holden says he enjoys the museum because "everything always stayed right where it was."

This part of the novel encapsulates Holden's fear of coming of age completely. In order for me to fully explain Holden's feelings about the Natural History Museum, some background is important. A few chapters after he discusses the museum he sneaks into his home to see Phoebe and explains why he sees himself as a "catcher in the rye": 

"I keep picturing all these little kids playing some game in this big field of rye and all. ... And I'm standing on the edge of some crazy cliff. What I have to do, I have to catch everybody if they start to go over the cliff..."

It's this feeling about rescuing kids from adulthood and the accompanying "phoniness" that pushes Holden throughout the novel. So when he thinks of the museum, he thinks of his own childhood. He wishes he could secure it in airtight rooms and he, and all other children, would not have to proceed to adulthood. When thinking about the museum but really referring to the transition from childhood to adulthood, Holden says, "Certain things they should stay the way they are. You ought to be able to stick them in one of those big glass cases and just leave them alone."

In addition, this is why the word "f--k," when inscribed in the museum, shocks Holden so much. He's attempting to protect kids from adulthood and, in this sanctuary of youth for him, he sees the worst of the adult words.

`int cos(x)/(sin^2(x)) dx` Evaluate the indefinite integral.

You need to use the following substitution `sin x = t,` such that:

`sin x= t => cos x dx = dt`

`int (cos x*dx)/(sin^2 x) = int (dt)/(t^2)`

`int (dt)/(t^2) = int t^(-2) dt`

Using the formula `int t^(n) dt = (t^(n+1))/(n+1) + c` , yields

`int t^(-2) dt = (t^(-2+1))/(-2+1) + c`

`int t^(-2) dt = -1/t + c`

Replacing back  `sin x` for `t` yields:

`int (cos x*dx)/(sin^2 x) =- 1/(sin x) + c`

Hence, evaluating the indefinite integral, yields `int (cos x*dx)/(sin^2 x) =- 1/(sin x) + c.`

How is Macbeth portrayed as evil in the play?

Early in the play, we see that Macbeth, though not without a sense of honor and loyalty, allows his ambitions to supersede and eventually drive these virtues from his being, so to speak. After meeting the witches, he is very quickly aware that their prophecy that he will be king has awakened chilling emotions. He refers to his "black and deep desires," which he resolves not to reveal to his fellow thanes. Once he has murdered Duncan, a deed he recognizes as evil on every level--he was his cousin, his liege, and his guest--he experiences considerable guilt, but does not allow it to stop him from carrying out even more horrific deeds. He has his friend and comrade Banquo murdered, he sends assassins to kill Macduff's family, and he presides over a bloody reign as king, one which is described by several of the other characters in the play as tyranny. By the time Malcolm's forces advance on Dunsinane, he is a murderous monster devoid of any redeeming characteristics. Having usurped the throne (an act Shakespeare portrays as a violation of nature itself) he unleashes havoc on Scotland.

Copper Sulphate is very soluble in water. Why is this property useful when using it on living organisms?

Copper sulphate or sulfate (CuSO4) is a blue colored salt and is commonly used for antiseptic or antifungal applications. It is very soluble in water and this solubility is very useful when applying it on organisms. Organisms (especially) the microorganisms (such as bacteria) are typically present in solution or near moisture. Application of salt is difficult in such conditions, while a solution can be very successful. The easy solubility of copper sulfate means that it can be readily and successfully applied to organisms. 

One unique application of copper sulfate solution is to cleanse the pipelines and roof surfaces of a rainwater harvesting system, before the first rainfall event. Copper sulfate kills all the infection and ensures that no infectious agent is present in water. If copper sulfate was applied as solid, it will not be as effective. Thus, solubility of copper sulfate is really useful for its insecticidal or fungicidal applications.

Hope this helps.