Which document created a national government that did not have the ability to tax or raise its own army without support from the states?

The correct answer to this question is the Articles of Confederation. The Articles, which were drafted after declaring independence and went into effect near the end of the war, created a relatively weak central government, a "firm league of friendship" in the words of the document itself. Not only could the national government not levy taxes or raise an army (it could only request these things from the state,) but it also could not pass a law without the assent of nine of thirteen state delegations in Congress. A unanimous vote was required to address the weaknesses of the government through amendment. All of this was intentional, as most of the Revolutionary generation was leery of ceding too much power to a central government. But it created problems for the new nation, particularly the inability to make payments on war debt, that prompted many of the nation's politicians to call for a new government. The result, eventually, was the Constitution developed at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787.