I will like to know all reasons for the absence of a transport system in unicellular organisms whereas there is one in a multicellular organism.

All cells need nutrients, oxygen and food, and also need an efficient waste removal system. These useful products are available in the environment and the waste products also have to be sent back to the environment. Single celled organisms or unicellular organisms are in constant contact with their environment. Due to their large surface area to volume ratio, they can use the process of diffusion (and osmosis) for exchanging material with their immediate environment. In comparison, multicellular organisms are larger in size and may contain a number of cells that are too far away from the environment and thus are unable to exchange material with the environment. Without an efficient transport system, these interior cells will not be able to function and the organism will not be able to grow in size or complexity. A transport system is thus a necessity for multicellular organisms, while being a luxury for unicellular organisms. 

Hope this helps. 

Vanessa is conducting an experiment to see how exposure to different types and amounts of light affects the growth of plants. In this experiment,...

In Vanessa's experiment, to study the effect of types and amounts of light on plant growth, the "light source" is an independent variable and the "plant height" is the dependent variable.

When conducting any experiment, it is essential to understand what the various variables are. In general, we have only 1 independent and 1 dependent variable in an experiment and all the other variables are controlled variables. It is essential to identify the independent and dependent variables. The easiest way to identify them is to "independent variable causes changes in dependent variable" and not the other way around. For example, in case of Vanessa's experiment, light source (or amount of light) causes a change in plant's growth (measured as plant height), and hence light source is the independent variable and the plant height is the dependent variable.

Hope this helps. 

Explain the use of personification in the poem "Snake."

D. H. Lawrence uses personification throughout his poem “Snake.” In order use this literary device he gives human qualities to the snake, and speaks about it as if it is a person. The narrator describes the snake as “someone” instead of as an animal.

Someone was before me at my water-trough, And I, like a second comer, waiting.

The description of the snaking drinking water uses personification as the water goes down its throat. Lawrence says that the snake drinks the water, looks around, and stops to “muse” for a moment. This means that the snake has the advanced ability to think, which is a human quality. In the seventh stanza he refers to the snake as a “guest” and in a later stanza the narrator states he is “honoured” the snake “should seek my hospitality.” This refers to the snake as a person who comes to visit.

Finally, the narrator personifies the snake by comparing it to a king.

For he seemed to me again like a king,

Like a king in exile, uncrowned in the underworld,

Now due to be crowned again.

Compare and contrast Antonio’s situation in signing the agreement with Shylock, to Portia’s situation of being held bound to her father’s...

One first has to consider that both the scripts are binding, legal documents and are therefore enforceable by law. The parties to these documents are obliged to meet the terms set out therein. Forfeiture would mean a loss of benefits or some form of punishment or penalty being exacted. When the documents were drawn up, they had to be attested to by officials of the court to make them binding and legal or else they would be null and void. We know that the agreement between Antonio and Shylock was attested to by a notary and we can assume that Portia's father did the same to validate his will.

The bond signed between Antonio and Shylock became a tricky matter since the execution of its terms became a matter of dispute. When Shylock demanded restitution for Antonio's forfeiture, he was denied the right to do so, since his application was contested. It was found that, as an alien, Shylock would have broken Venetian law if he had executed the terms of the bond. Firstly, he was not allowed to intentionally harm a Venetian citizen and secondly, it would be impossible for him to meet the exact technical requirements demanded by law. He could not spill one drop of Antonio's blood and he had to remove precisely one pound of Antonio's flesh - a highly improbable feat.

In terms of her father's will, Portia could not choose a husband but had to allow the forces of chance to do so. Her father willed that she could only marry a man who had chosen the right casket from the three that he provided for this purpose. If she wished to inherit his entire estate, she was obliged to meet these conditions. Disobedience would mean the loss of all privileges.

In addition, Antonio willingly decided to abide to the conditions in the agreement between himself and Shylock and became a co-signatory to the deed. He was desperate to help his good friend, Bassanio, and was assured that his ventures would turn out well. What he did not foresee was the forces of fate that would doom his ventures and leave him out of pocket and unable to meet the conditions of the bond. Portia, on the other hand, had no choice. Her father's will was a unilateral document and he did not have to consult her beforehand to make it legal. He only had to meet the legal requirements for the drawing-up of the will and such a script does not need an heir as signatory.

Both documents involve a spiteful resolve. In Shylock's case, the bond's purpose was to give him an opportunity to get back at Antonio for the abuse he had suffered at his hands as well as his hatred for him. It seems that Portia's father intentionally wanted to control Portia's destiny from the grave. He comes across as having had possessed a very controlling nature and did not trust that his daughter would make the proper decision in finding a mate, so he would leave it to an uncertain fate. It is clearly unfair on the beautiful and generous Portia. She however, loved and respected him too much to defy the conditions of his will and therefore did not make any attempt to question its conditions.

It is quite ironic that Portia had actually made so much effort to contest Shylock's request and not move an iota to question the fairness of her father's testament. Is it because she somehow knew that destiny would smile in her favor? Or is it because she was just an acquiescent, honorable daughter who respected her father's wishes? Be that as it may, she eventually got what she wanted, whereas Shylock was forced to regret his demands.

What are some important facts that everybody should take away from Moneyball by Michael Lewis?

One of the most important facts to emerge from Moneyball is that value in baseball can be found if people are willing to look.  The purpose of Lewis's work is to analyze how general manager Billy Beane of the Oakland Athletics baseball team established a new definition of "value:"

...a small group of undervalued professional baseball players and executives, many of whom had been rejected as unfit for the big leagues, who had turned themselves into one of the most successful franchises in Major League Baseball.

Beane's work helps to establish the fact that value can be found if people know how to search for it.

Another important fact in Moneyball is the way value is determined. Beane's work with Paul DePodesta highlights the importance of statistics in establishing value. This emphasis on sabermetrics focused on data points that most people overlooked. For example, Beane and his staff saw greater value in a hitter who was skilled at drawing bases on balls than one who solely possessed "power numbers" like home runs.  The way Beane and his staff determined value was fundamentally different than how baseball executives at the time perceived it.  It is a fact that Beane's approach triggered a movement away from excessively spending on free agents with gaudy "power numbers."  As a result of Beane's efforts, teams mirrored an approach that emphasized value through sabermetrics. 

The result of this paradigm shift represents another fact that emerges from Lewis's work.  Beane's embrace of a sabermetric approach directly challenged the prevailing thinking in the baseball community.  He faced rebuke from other executives and, sometimes, his own athletes and fans who did not understand his approach.  It is a fact that Beane endured negative publicity for embracing sabermetrics as a way to construct a ball club.  Another fact from the flip side of this reality is that many teams copied Beane's approach. Once it was clear that what Beane did actually worked, teams like the Yankees and Red Sox as well as the Houston Astros and Tampa Bay Devil Rays embraced sabermetrics.  In the current major league climate, statistical approaches to valuing talent and making on-field decisions have become standard practice. 

Another fact is that the "eye test" approach, where personnel decisions were based off of the "gut instinct of scouts, has been devalued.  It is not common practice for teams to sign a guy who "looks good" or has "the good face."  They are less inclined to take "chances" on a "guy who looks great" or "can hit the ball a mile."  The financial implications of poor decisions have forced teams to embrace approaches similar to Beane's use of statistics and numbers.  Baseball has entered a period where the days of the scout's "hunch" is secondary to what the numbers say.

A fact that emerges from Lewis's book is that small market baseball teams can be competitive.  Prior to Oakland's successful use of sabermetrics, wealthier teams were able to simply take what they wished.  For example, Jason Giambi and Johnny Damon were integral parts of Beane's successful Oakland teams.  However, when they became free agents, the Yankees and Red Sox swooped in with lucrative contracts and lured them both.  Beane's approach gave a model for small market teams to follow. For example, the Tampa Bay Devil Rays fielded competitive teams for years because of their devotion to statistical analysis.  Even large market teams like the New York Yankees are moving away from lucrative free agent contracts in favor of developing minor league talent with an eye on data-based decision making. The Boston Red Sox were 2004 champions because they created a team that emphasized Beane's statistical approach.  When the "wealthy" teams start mirroring the "poorer" ones, it shows how all teams can be successful if they are coherent and clear in their thinking and approach to the game.

what are the function and parts of the atmosphere?

The atmosphere is made up of 4 layers.

The lowest layer or the layer right above us is the troposphere. It is the zone of weather and where the clouds are formed. The temperature decreases with altitude here. At the top of the troposphere is the tropopause where the jet stream is found: this contains strong winds that blow eastwards.

The next layer is the stratosphere which contains the ozone layer responsible for protecting us from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet radiation. The temperature increases with altitude in this layer.

In the mesosphere the temperature is decreasing with altitude. It is the coldest layer of the atmosphere and it protects us from meteoroids.

The outermost layer is the thermosphere; it is the hottest layer because UV radiation is turned into heat and is made up of two layers the ionosphere- used for radio communication- and the exosphere where satellites orbit the earth

How do I write a reflective paper about the documentary "Surviving Auschwitz, Children of the Shoah"?

When writing a reflective paper, especially on a topic such as the Holocaust, you want to think carefully about what struck you the most throughout.  The children had to be very careful and clever to survive at all in Holocaust camps, especially in Auschwitz. Which of your reactions to Surviving Auschwitz are you going to reflect on?

Are you going to reflect on or describe your thoughts and feelings about what the children did to survive?  Is the most difficult thing for you the realization that the children are often so alone, having lost everyone in their families?  Is it Auschwitz itself, with its killing work and no rest, with no food, the most striking thing for you?  Or is the story of one individual child most difficult for you to handle? 

Remember that you are being reflective in your paper, which means you have to look at the impact of what you see on you or on others. You have to reflect on the meaning of what impacts you, meaning for yourself and for the world after Auschwitz. Reflect on what you and the world now can learn from this documentary. 

One example of what you and the world might learn comes from Donald Trump's idea that Syrian refugees who come to this country should have to wear a badge. This alludes to and brings up for discussion the Nazi regime's idea that everyone they did not like (e.g., disabled, Jewish, homosexuals) should wear an identifying badge.  Look for specific examples related to what struck you most so that you can be truly reflective.

Did Federalists oppose the Louisiana Purchase for practical or political reasons?

The Federalist opposition to the Louisianna Purchase was rooted in a political motivation.  To begin with, Thomas Jefferson, an anti-Federalist, brokered the deal with France.  The political rivalry between the federalists and anti-federalists had escalated since the establishment of the Constitution and neither side could resist the chance to oppose the other.  Another concern of the federalists was that the introduction of new citizens, and potentially, new states would interrupt the balance of power in favor of the anti-federalists.  The further away from Washington a state was, the less likely they were to be in favor of a strong federal government. There was also the likelihood that the states would adopt slavery in the new territory.  These political issues really hit home with the Federalists in the Northeast. 

In the novel The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, in what ways is Hester Prynne honest?

Hester is a very flawed character. As such, we find in her character's storyline instances of both honesty and dishonesty. Hester's instances of dishonesty were pretty big—hiding the name of the father of her child and hiding Chillingworth's identity from Dimmesdale for years. Nonetheless, Hester can also be extremely honest throughout The Scarlet Letter. 

Someone who is honest is also commonly believed to be trustworthy, transparent, genuine in intentions, and sincere. Hester was all of these things — once she suffered the consequences of wearing the scarlet letter. Still, according to Hester, that scarlet letter is her primary motivation to be a better person. Thus, Hester shows her honesty by the way she expresses herself in front of magistrates and citizens, conducts herself in public, openly admits her fate, and accepts the consequences of her actions without complaining or making excuses.

Hence, Hester is honest in all of these instances because she is open, straightforward, sincere and, with time, she even became trustworthy—so trustworthy that the villagers even said the "A" Hester wore was not for "Adulterer," but for "Able." The "Able Hester" was also lovingly referred to, at one point, as "our Hester." These reactions from the people denote the transparency of Hester's character, and how her good deeds often made Hester more sympathetic to the public.

Hester is also honest with Dimmesdale, telling him exactly what she wants from him, and even finding ways to try and make her goals with Dimmesdale come true. Most importantly, Hester is honest with Chillingworth. Her estranged husband knows how Hester feels about him, not just from his own understanding of how different each of them is from the other, but also from Hester's own confessions to him regarding how she really feels. 

It is important to mention that Hester's penchant for honesty may not have begun until she found out she was pregnant. Hester had arrived in the village as a married woman who was to wait for her husband to arrive there. Therefore, whatever she did with Dimmesdale was done in secret. 

The novel does not state when Hester and Dimmesdale began their affair after her arrival from England, but it is safe to assume she became pregnant quite quickly; by the time Hester's husband, Roger Prynne, finally arrived at the village (after shipwrecking and living among the Native Americans for months) Hester's daughter was already three months old. 

Let's explore, however, specific examples from the novel showing how Hester is honest:

In chapter eight, titled "The Elf Child and the Minister," Hester finds out the magistrates think Hester is not a fit mother for Pearl. This is because, according to Puritan law, children born outside of marriage are not children of God; they have not been born under a "divine order." Hester was honest here because she openly told the magistrates, with courage, that having the badge of shame has taught her many things, including how to be a better person. This is actually the truth. Hester has learned a lot about the evil nature of people, their inner demons, and the skeletons they all hide ever since she began to wear the letter, to the sanctimonious delight of others: 

"This badge has taught me—it teaches me every day, and it is teaching me right now—lessons that will make my child wiser and better, though they can do me no good."

In chapter fourteen, "Hester and the Doctor," Hester also demonstrates courage and honesty when she answers the Chillingworth's question about what Hester sees when she looks in his eyes. Her answer was quite crude but very honest:

"I see something that would make me weep, if tears were bitter enough for the sadness,” she answered. “But let it pass."

She also discloses to Dimmesdale the reality of Chillingworth, even when she told Chillingworth she would never tell. This was her way of pushing Dimmesdale to move on from the hypocrisy that is his life and be honest with himself. 

Therefore, Hester has the capacity to be both honest and deceptive. She can even discern when others are not being honest with themselves. Even so, Hester continues to be flawed, but I believe her good deeds far outdo any indiscretion, including her affair with Dimmesdale that led to the birth of his child.

Graph the region between the curves and use your calculator to compute the area correct to five decimal places.

To graph the area between curves, we determine the boundary values based on the intersection points.

In the xy-plane, the graph of is plotted in red color while the graph of is plotted in blue color.

Using TI-84 calculator, you can solve for the intersection points as:

(-1.911917,-0.3345439), (-1.223676,0.34019093), and (0.60794574,0.82082311).

To solve for these points, use the option Calc/5: intersect in your TI-84 calculator.

You may position the cursor along the blue graph for the first curve  and  let the cursor be along the red graph for the second curve. The cursor should be near or before the intersection point you want to solve. Then press Enter for the Guess. X=#  and Y=# will appear below your calculator screen for the ordered pair of a certain intersection point. Repeat the steps until you have determined the three intersection points.

 The x-values from the intersection points will be used as the boundary values of your integral or the limits of integration.

The formula to solve the bounded area between two curves follows:

 A = 

where

or  

It can also be written as A = 

such that on the interval [a,b].

For the first bounded region, the upper curve is  and the lower curve is   from x= -1.911917 to x=-1.223676.

For the second bounded region, the upper curve is   y=cos(x) and the lower curve is   from x=-1.223676 to x=0.60794574.

Total Area =

               = 0.19497+1.51119

              =1.70616

Note: We set-up two separate integrals since the position of each curve varies between the two bounded regions. 

A gamma ray might have a wavelength as long as an?

In comparison to other members of the electromagnetic spectrum (such as visible light, infrared, ultraviolet rays, etc.), gamma rays have the longest frequency and hence the smallest wavelength. Gamma rays have frequencies in excess of Hz. Since the frequency and wavelength are interrelated (through velocity of light, c), these high frequencies mean that gamma rays have a very low wavelength (less than 10 pm or pico meters). These are roughly the dimensions of diameter of an atom and hence the wavelength of gamma rays could be as long as the diameter of an atom (or even smaller than that). Since, wavelength and energy are also interrelated, these extremely small wavelength mean that gamma rays are the most energetic among all the electromagnetic spectrum components. It is due to these properties that gamma rays are extremely harmful to us and can cause cell mutations.

Hope this helps. 

Does Anthem take place in the past, the present, or the future? How do we know?

Although the novel, Anthem by Ayn Rand, was written in 1937, the novel takes place in the future.  We are not told the exact year or setting, but a Great War occurred that changed everything about the previous society.  A war between powers was mentioned, as well as “The Great Rebirth” when all knowledge and books were burned.  The lack of knowledge threw the society into a time equivalent to the Dark Ages where there was very little advancement.  Equality and his fellow brothers were taught backwards ideas in school, like the Earth is flat.  The society only had candles to see by and no books to learn from.  There were no advanced technologies or machines to help the citizens work or live comfortably. 

What Equality discovers in the tunnel under the city reveals that society once had electricity, cars, and skyscrapers. It was a different civilization that believed in individuality and human rights.  Because of the war, in which nations upholding democracy lost, the society in Anthem regressed and established its collective government that valued the group over the individual. 

What are the views on property ownership and land use?

There are many different views on property and land ownership. Three common political views are: the liberal view, the conservative view, and the socialist view. The liberal view emphasizes the relationship between labor, autonomy, and property. A fundamental idea in classical liberalism is that each individual owns their own body and their own labor. While classical liberalism does allow for the private ownership of capital, ownership of one's own body and labor provide a basis for equality, dignity, and self-actualization. The classical liberal understanding of property was articulated by Adam Smith in his book The Wealth of Nations. 

Economic conservatism emphasizes the ownership of personal property and the ownership of capital in pursuit of happiness. Private ownership of capital should be respected and protected under the law. Economic conservatism holds that private ownership and personal accumulation of wealth are important aspects of social stability and personal freedom.

Economic socialism de-emphasizes private ownership of capital and promotes collective ownership of capital instead. Traditionally, socialism acknowledges personal property (such as material objects), but calls for shared ownership of resources such as capital, land, and natural commodities. 

Describe the role that anthropologists play in migration.

First, I want to note that anthropologists do not really play any role in migration. They study the migrations of people, and to the degree their expertise is called upon for a migration issue, they can offer their specialized knowledge and understanding of migration, but the role of the anthropologist is that of study, not interference. There is no doubt they make a significant contribution to our understanding of the migration of humans.

Since the beginning of humanity, people have migrated; otherwise we would all live in Africa, which is where we are fairly certain mankind first emerged.  Anthropologists traditionally traced migrations through cultural artifacts and to some degree language, with the assistance of archaeologists and linguists.  They study living societies as well, to examine migrations. And today, it is possible to trace migrations with our knowledge of DNA, being able to see genetically where people first began and where they have migrated to.  It's a fascinating story, with many implications for the world today. If we know why people migrate, that has some lessons for us, I think, since migration continues to be a human phenomenon. There are migrations internally, for example, the movement from rural environments to urban environments, or the American migration westward.  External migration, that is, from one country to another or from one continent to the other, is on the rise.  Within the past year, over one million people have migrated from the Middle East to Europe.  This is an incredible movement of people, and anthropologists are no doubt studying this as we speak. To what degree climate, war, social structure, religion, and other factors have an impact on migration, anthropologists are there to try to learn this, and with lessons learned, perhaps we can improve the migration experience.      

Who is more evil in Macbeth, Lady Macbeth or Macbeth? (P.E.E paragrapgh)

Who is more evil, Macbeth or Lady Macbeth? This is certainly a matter of opinion, and Shakespeare gives readers the opportunity to decide for themselves who is "worse" or who is more responsible for the downfall of the Macbeths. Here are some possible reasons to support each character as "more evil": 

Lady Macbeth: Many readers see Lady Macbeth as mostly responsible for what happens to Macbeth. This side would argue that Lady Macbeth is the mastermind: she comes up with the plan to murder Duncan, she persuades Macbeth by (among other tactics) questioning his manhood, and she even goes in to plant the daggers on the guards after Macbeth loses his nerve. For much of the play, it seems that Lady Macbeth is composed and maybe even ruthless because she seems so unaffected by the crimes committed by the Macbeths. However, we do see later that Lady Macbeth's intense guilt wears on her; she sleepwalks, tries to wash imaginary blood from her hands, and eventually commits suicide. Lady Macbeth proves to be more fragile than she originally appeared in Act I.

Macbeth: At the start of the play, Macbeth appears to be mostly noble, though we can't forget that the battle report in Act I says that he and Banquo led a very bloody (though victorious) campaign. As soon as the witches tell him  he will be king, though, Macbeth already has the idea in his mind that he will kill Duncan to get to that position and quickly. He does need to be persuaded by his wife, but he also wants to be king. Macbeth is the one who actually stabs Duncan (Lady Macbeth claims Duncan reminded her of her father while he slept so could not do so herself). Macbeth's mental state does deteriorate, both during and after (and gets progressively worse) the murder. Macbeth is the one who orders the murders of his best friend, Banquo, and his son, who is a child, because the witches said Banquo would be the father of kings. Macbeth also has Macduff's innocent wife and children murdered because he is afraid of Macduff and also concerned about Macduff's treachery. 

Both characters certainly have flaws, and while Lady Macbeth does play her part, especially early on, Macbeth ultimately ends up with more blood on his hands, both literally and figuratively. 

What is the procedure in the story "The Lottery" if the head of the house cannot attend?

This problem has undoubtedly come up numerous times over the years. The author has provided an example in her story in order to show that every household must be represented in every annual lottery. In this case, Clyde Dunbar is laid up with a broken leg. He is either lying in bed at home or sitting up in a chair. When Mr. Summers asks, "Anybody ain't here?" several people say, "Dunbar, Dunbar." Everybody knows everybody in this town.

Mr. Summers consulted his list. "Clyde Dunbar." he said. "That's right. He's broke his leg, hasn't he? Who's drawing for him?"

"Me. I guess," a woman said. and Mr. Summers turned to look at her. "Wife draws for her husband," Mr. Summers said. "Don't you have a grown boy to do it for you, Janey?" Although Mr. Summers and everyone else in the village knew the answer perfectly well, it was the business of the official of the lottery to ask such questions formally. Mr. Summers waited with an expression of polite interest while Mrs. Dunbar answered.

"Horace's not but sixteen vet." Mrs. Dunbar said regretfully. "Guess I gotta fill in for the old man this year."

This dialogue suggests two things. One is that this is a patriarchal society in which the husbands rule their families. The other is that women don't like to do the drawing because it is a rather grisly business. They may either be drawing a slip that will doom themselves or a family member to some punishment which has not yet been revealed to the reader, or else they will be drawing a blank slip which will save their household from tragedy but increase the chances of it happening to somebody else. There is an implication throughout the story that this lottery is a male ritual which would have have been allowed to fade away if the women had had anything to say about it. If and when the lottery is finally to perish, it will be because the women's "felt values" of kindness and compassion will eventually prevail. One clue that this may be happening in the not-too-distant future is perhaps implicit in the following dialogue after it turns out that Bill Hutchinson has drawn the fatal slip for his family.

The crowd was quiet. A girl whispered, "I hope it's not Nancy," and the sound of the whisper reached the edges of the crowd.

The girl has to whisper because it wouldn't do for anyone to show sympathy or mercy for any participant in the lottery. But someday this girl, who is around the same age as twelve-year-old Nancy Hutchinson, may speak in a louder voice for all to hear. And if she does so, there will be a number of other female voices raised in her support. By that time Old Man Warner will be dead, and there will be few men in the town who will care to insist that this futile and savage superstition be prolonged. Tessie Hutchinson sees the truth at the last minute, but it is too late for her to have any influence on her friends, neighbors, and the four family members who are closing in on her with their stones.

"It isn't fair, it isn't right," Mrs. Hutchinson screamed, and then they were upon her

True or False: A respondent refers to a relatively small number of people selected to represent a sample, which is the entire group of interest.

That one is definitely false.

A respondent is a single individual in your sample, specifically someone who actually answered your survey questions. (Typically you can't get everyone in your sample to answer your questions. The proportion who do is called the response rate.) A respondent would never be a group of people. Sometimes we might use a larger unit of analysis such as a city or a country; but we wouldn't call those "respondents".

The sample is the group of people (or like I said, cities, countries, etc.) that you actually gather data about. It is contrasted with the population, which is the entire group that you're interested in. The population is what you really want to know about; the sample is what you gather data on. Typically the sample is much smaller than the population---maybe you have a sample of a hundred people to study a population of millions. There are exceptions, especially for large units of analysis: For some econometric studies of different countries the sample and the population are the same thing.

Summarize Hume's theory of knowledge. How do its conclusions condition Hume's treatment of causality?

The most important aspect of Hume's theory of knowledge is that it is a form of "empiricism". In other words, rather than taking the view espoused by Plato and Berkeley that knowledge is prior to experience, or accepting Locke's concept of innate ideas, Hume believes that we gain knowledge exclusively from our experience, that we start out as blank slates and use our senses to gain information about the world.

Knowledge is created by two human faculties, memory and imagination. Memory recalls sense perceptions as we have experienced them. Imagination is the faculty we use to reorder those sensations and create connections and patterns to make sense of them.

Causality, for Hume, is not something that exists "out there" in the world, but rather is a way the imagination attempts to order and make sense of its impressions. 

What happens to Boxer in Animal Farm? How are these events ironic?

Boxer is sent to the knackers to be slaughtered.  It is ironic because it was one of the abuses Old Major accused humans of perpetrating against animals.

Old Major sells the animals on a dream of equality and opportunity.  In his vision, no animals will ever be held hostage to humans.  Animals will work together to create an atmosphere of cooperation and comfort.

It does not take long for the dream to sour.  As soon as the animals kick the humans off the farm, the pigs take charge.  From that point on, they slowly gain more and more power at the expense of the other animals.

One of the promises made to the animals is that once they were too old to work, they would be able to retire.  Humans would have killed them, but in Animal Farm they would be blessed with a peaceful existence.

As yet no animal had actually retired on pension, but of late the subject had been discussed more and more. Now that the small field beyond the orchard had been set aside for barley, it was rumoured that a corner of the large pasture was to be fenced off and turned into a grazing−ground for superannuated animals. (Ch. 9)

Boxer very much wanted to finish the windmill before he retired.  He was one of the hardest working animals on the farm, and very loyal to Napoleon.  His two favorite expressions were “Napoleon is always right” and “I will work harder.”  He had no doubts about his leader.  Unfortunately, when Boxer injured himself on the job and was no longer useful, he was not sent into retirement.  He was sold for a profit.  Benjamin was able to read the words on the side of the truck.

" 'Alfred Simmonds, Horse Slaughterer and Glue Boiler, Willingdon. Dealer in Hides and Bone−Meal. Kennels Supplied.' Do you not understand what that means? They are taking Boxer to the knacker's! " (Ch. 9)

The fact that Napoleon sold Boxer to the slaughterhouse for profit is ironic because Boxer was his strongest supporter and because Old Major promised the animals a better life.  He told them that humans exploited them, and that they would be protected from this exploitation on Animal Farm.  This dream might have been real for Old Major, but it never was real for Napoleon.  He used the entire rebellion as an opportunity to gain power for himself.  He did not actually care about the animals.

I need to create an outline for a compare and contrast essay between Faulkner's short story "A Rose for Emily" and a film adaptation of the story....

The short story "A Rose for Emily" by William Faulkner was first published in The Forum on April 30, 1930. It was set in the city of Jefferson in Yoknapatawpha County, Mississippi, part of the fictional region that Faulkner uses as a setting for most of his work. The 1983 film version of the story was directed by Lyndon Chubbuck and starred Angelica Houston as Emily and John Randolph as Homer. 

In writing a compare and contrast essay about the two versions of "A Rose for Emily", you need to create a thesis about what you see as the major difference between the experience of reading the story and seeing the film. Reviews of the film suggest that there are two central differences in the audience experience. First, the film emphasizes an atmosphere of horror and suspense, while the story is more of a psychologically complex portrait of a community and the way it has changed. The second major difference is that the film is narrated in chronological order while the story moves backwards and forwards in time, making the film less complex and less demanding of its audience than the story. You can use either of these differences as the basis for a thesis about the difference between the two versions. For example, you might claim "The main difference between the genres is that the film, in simplifying the chronology of the story, simultaneously makes the narrative more accessible and more focused on the relationship between the two main characters than the original story."

Introduction: Your outline should start with an introduction explaining your thesis and pointing forward to how you will defend it.

First Section: In the first section after the introduction, you should summarize the differences in chronology between the film and the story.

Main Body: Each body paragraph should give details of one aspect of the film and the way in which it supports your thesis. For example, you should contrast the way the film explicitly shows Homer's poisoning with Faulkner's subtle approach in which we see Emily buying the poison and then find out about Homer's disappearance. 

Conclusion: Your conclusion shows how the evidence in the body of your paper supports your thesis. 

Scholarly Sources: Visit your university library website. It should contain a copy of the MLA International Bibliography, a database containing an extensive collection of bibliographic information about scholarly works on literature. Do a search for "A Rose for Emily" and click on the links which show your library as having full-text access to the articles. Another possible place to search for academic articles is Google Scholar, https://scholar.google.com/.

Reflect your life 10 years to present, discussing your personal transformation as related to a social movement. I am not sure how to do this.

In this reflection, you are expected to discuss your own thoughts, feelings, and opinions on a particular social issue and how your thoughts, feelings, and opinions have evolved over the past ten years. This is assuming, of course, that your ideas on that particular issue have evolved in some way, which may or may not be the case, depending on the issue.  Clearly, you are best off choosing a social issue that you have changed your stance on in some way.

You may be wondering what constitutes a social issue for the purpose of this assignment.  That is a very large category, so you will have many choices.  Anything, really, that affects society is a social issue.  One social issue that has been on people's minds is gay rights, gay marriage in particular.  If your thoughts on this have changed, that would be a suitable social issue to discuss. Another is female reproductive rights, certainly a social issue.  Whether women should have access to abortion and free choices in birth control is a question you may have some thoughts about, perhaps some thoughts that have changed over ten years.  Still another issue is immigration, whether or not we should allow amnesty to undocumented immigrants, for example.  Your ideas on this might have changed.  Poverty is an enormous social problem.  Do you think there should be a living wage or that poor people should just work harder and not have any kind of safety net such as food stamps or medical assistance? 

The whole idea, I'm sure, is to show some growth in your thinking, a willingness to reconsider a previous position on a social issue, not a knee-jerk reaction that is premised on the opinions of your parents, your peers, or the media. How you have come to change your mind on a social issue is what is being looked for, evidence that you are able to think critically, examine evidence, and consider things for yourself.  Look back ten years to where you were. Then discuss how your thinking has changed over those years and why it has changed. Reflections are good for us, a means of making us think about how we think. 

What causes the mother to begin thinking about her daughter’s life?

The enquiry about Emily made by an unspecified person, possibly a teacher or a friend, prompts the mother to think about her daughter. The question about her daughter, with whom she is deeply attached, stirs up the past memories associated with Emily. The memories reflect her guilt-ridden conscience and her appreciation for Emily’s talent.  

The questioner must have noticed Emily’s exceptional talent as well as her character traits that differed much from the other girls of her age. The person wants to know more about Emily so that he or she could help her. The person tells the mother,

“I wish you would manage the time to come in and talk with me about your daughter.  I'm sure you can help me understand her.  She’s a youngster who needs help and whom I'm deeply interested in helping.”

The intentions of the unnamed person appear sincere to the mother. She is overwhelmed with the possibility of a bright and happy future for her daughter. 

The mother is constantly racked by the guilt of poor parenting. She feels she has failed to provide Emily with proper education and care. She had been a bright child and had deserved much better treatment and parenting.

The lack of love and care during her childhood, her poor health, and her silent sufferings had left deep scars in Emily’s mind. She rarely smiles and enjoys like her brothers and sisters. There’s some uncommon somberness and seriousness about her.

Nevertheless, Emily is a gifted girl. She has got an ability to perform pantomimes to the effect that the audience would “not want to let her go.” Her hidden talent gets recognized at school and makes her popular.

“She began to be asked to perform at other high schools, even colleges, than at city and statewide affairs.” 

Now, when the enquirer, with the intention to help Emily, comes to the mother, she is overwhelmed. She is hopeful that the person might really give Emily what she herself had not been able to provide her with. She turns optimistic and emotional, and so, begins thinking about her daughter.

Using Aristophanes' Lysistrata, discuss the notion that comedy arises from improbable people in probable situations.

Aristophanes' Lysistrata first came to the stage in Athens in 411 BCE. At the time, Athens was two decades into a war with the people of Sparta and its allies. Given this historical background, Aristophanes once again brings up the issue of peace between the two city-states.

In Acharnians of 425, Aristophanes' hero Dicaepolis had made a personal peace treaty with the Spartans. In Peace, which appeared just before the Peace of Nicias in 421, Trygaeus had flown to heaven on a dung beetle to bring the goddess Peace to the Athenians and Spartans. Now, a decade after the Peace of Nicias had disintegrated and war and erupted again, Aristophanes proposes a new comic solution to the war between Athens and Sparta.

In Lysistrata, Aristophanes brings some other unlikely heroes into the peace process: a group of women led by the title character. Whereas in our modern society, it is not surprising that women have the right to vote and it is not uncommon to see women as leaders of nations, in ancient Athens, women could not vote.

Thus, Aristophanes' audience would have been quite surprised to see a group of women attempting to bring an end to the war. The method that Lysistrata advocates is perhaps even more surprising. Lysistrata proposes that the women of Greece refuse to have sexual relations with their husbands until they men make peace. By the end of the play, Lysistrata and her fellow women have compelled the sex-starved men to make peace. Thus, as is typical in Aristophanes, an unlikely hero resolves a situation that Aristophanes has taken up in at least two earlier plays.

Write the equation in slope Slope -2/3; through (4,2)

Hello!

An equation of a straight line in a slope-intercept form is y=mx+b, where m is a slope.

It is given that the line goes through the point (4, 2), i.e. y=2, x=4. Therefore

2=4m+b.

m is also known, and the goal is to find b:

2=4(-2/3)+b, or b=2+4(2/3)=2+8/3=4 and 2/3.

So the answer is: the equation y=(-2/3)x + 4 and 2/3.

What was Portia’s reaction to Brutus’s excuses/explanation and what does this demonstrate about her in Julius Caesar?

Portia was suspicious of Brutus and tried to prove her loyalty by stabbing herself.

Portia noticed that her husband was sneaking around, having a lot of visitors late at night, and acting worried.  She was not sure exactly what was going on, but she was suspicious.  She wanted him to let her in on his secret.

Brutus has been trying to avoid telling his wife that he is involved in a conspiracy to assassinate Julius Caesar.

You've ungently, Brutus,
Stole from my bed: and yesternight, at supper,
You suddenly arose, and walk'd about,
Musing and sighing, with your arms across,
And when I ask'd you what the matter was,
You stared upon me with ungentle looks … (Act 2, Scene 1)

She asks him specifically about the visitors he has had late at night that hide their faces.  He is up to something, and she knows it.  She feels like she is strong enough to know what it is, because she is Cato's daughter.  Cato was one of the senators Caesar fought in the civil war with Pompey.

Brutus feels like he can’t tell her, probably because Portia is unstable.  She wants him to tell her and to think that he can trust her, but he has reservations.  Anyone involved in the conspiracy or knowing about it would be in very big trouble.

Portia gets angry with Brutus, saying he tells her no more than he would a harlot.  He is not treating her like a wife.  She asks him if he is sick, and he does not tell her what is wrong.

To prove her loyalty to him, Portia cuts herself.  It is a gesture that just makes her seem crazier to most of us.  Brutus promises to tell her later, but Portia is not convinced. She has him followed by his servant, Lucius.

Yes, bring me word, boy, if thy lord look well,
For he went sickly forth: and take good note
What Caesar doth, what suitors press to him.
Hark, boy! what noise is that? (Act 2, Scene 4)

From Artemidorus, Portia gets confirmation that her husband is going to try to attack Caesar.  This has her worried, because she knows how risky it is.  Even though the soothsayer does not tell her directly what is going on, he tells her that he needs to talk to Caesar, clearly to warn him.  That is enough for Portia.  She secretly wishes Brutus luck in his “enterprise.”

By this point, Portia has figured out pretty much everything.  She knows that they will approach Caesar with a “suit” that he will not grant, and use it to arrange his attack.  She can’t help her husband any more, but she is happy to know what is going on.  She is also very worried about her husband and whether he will succeed.

Portia is a strong woman character.  She is bold and ruthless, and also cunning.  Like Calpurnia, she is not willing to just sit back and let the men decide things.  Portia wants to know what her husband is up to.

In regards to "The Veldt," such detachment that leads to killing one's parents is an extreme case. What other negative behaviors manifest from...

In “The Veldt,” we see several consequences of immersing oneself in virtual reality and how it can affect those who do it. First of all, using virtual reality to escape real life is dangerous.  The children in the story aren’t living a typical childhood but have sequestered themselves in an alternate reality.  Using technology to escape one’s life so you don’t have to face reality is detrimental to the children and anyone who seeks this lifestyle.

In addition, relationships suffer from one’s obsession with virtual technology.  The children hate their parents, the parents are afraid to say “no” to their children, the family is bored, and they feel useless because of the technology that does everything for them.

The family in the story has forgotten how to live authentic lives.  Their reliance on technology and alternative worlds has caused them to hire psychiatrists to help mend their family.  It is a terrible way of life where one’s existence is controlled by the latest world uploaded from the newest technology. 

Find the equation of the line passing through (0,0) making an angle of Arctan 1/2 from the line 3y=2x

We want to find the equation of the line passing through the origin that makes an angle of arctan=1/2 with the line 3y=2x:

The slope of the given line is 2/3, and the given line also passes through the origin.

The angle between the lines is related by the following:

Since the angle is arctan (1/2), we know that

Then where m is the slope of the required line.

So

----------------------------------------------------------------------

The equation is y=7/4x or 4y=7x

----------------------------------------------------------------------

The given line and the required line:

What characteristics of the fish distinguishes them from most of the other vertebrates?

Fishes constitute three of the seven classes of vertebrates (the others being amphibian, reptiles, birds and mammals). Fishes are different from the other vertebrates because they have gills for inhalation and exhalation, while the other classes uses lungs. Amphibians also start with gills, but later develop lungs and actually breathe through the skin (because their lungs are small) and that is why their skin has to be kept moist. Fishes practice external fertilization, since the eggs mate with sperm cells in the water. Amphibians also practice the same; all the other vertebrates have internal fertilization of eggs. External fertilization leaves the offspring more prone to predation, as compared to internal fertilization. Fishes are among the oldest existing vertebrate classes and have more species than any of the other vertebrate classes. 

Hope this helps. 

In this story the Civil War serves as a backdrop; Bierce's main intent is to examine the psychology of someone in a life-or-death situation. What...

Ambrose Bierce implies several things about the psychology of the human mind in "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge". One is that the mind essentially creates its own reality, especially in a moment of great stress. Nothing that Peyton thinks is happening actually is. Although the entire episode Peyton imagines takes place in a fraction of a second, in his mind he travels quite far after the miraculous breaking of the hangman's noose. Even though there are logical inconsistencies in what he imagines he sees in the forest, such as the timing being off on how long a journey should take, or being able to see a spectrum of light  in "all the dewdrops upon a million blades of grass", his mind accepts all of it at face value. 

Bierce also shows that a mind will reject a subject it perceives as too unpleasant. It is impossible for Peyton to accept that he is really about to die, and his mind creates a much happier outcome for him. He escapes, and will live! The reader is fooled as well, as maybe the happier outcome is one we would also prefer.

What is the main idea of the story Harry Potter?

J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series revolves around the life and tribulations of the series namesake, Harry Potter. Without knowing which book in the series you are requesting a main idea for, I must assume that you mean to ask in general, for the entire series, about the main idea.

The first book in the series, "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone", sets the basis for the entire series with the revelation that Harry, who lives with his cruel aunt and uncle, has special gifts he does not yet understand. For example, he has no idea how he was able to jump on top of a building to escape bullies. In this way the main idea of the series is described in general terms as being the story of a young, orphaned boy with special abilities who finds out his destiny is to attend a school of wizardry with other boys and girls with similar abilities. As the novels unfold, we see that he will be constantly cast on the side of good, as fighting against evil as part of his destiny. This main idea is carried on throughout the entire series of the books.

What are the different kinds of matter?

Matter can be divided into two main types, pure substances and mixtures. Pure substances are elements and compounds. Elements exist as atoms (or molecules of the same type of atom) and compounds exist as molecules made of more than one type of atom. Pure substances are different from mixtures in that all of their particles are identical. For example, a sample of the compound water contains only H2O particles. Compounds always contain the same ratio of elements. 

Mixtures, which contain more than one type of particle, fall into two groups: Homogeneous mixtures, which are the same throughout, and heterogeneous mixtures, which have particles that are unevenly distributed. Salt water is an example of a homogeneous mixture and soil is an example of a heterogeneous mixture. Mixtures can vary in composition, for example rubbing alcohol is available as 70% alcohol and as 90% alcohol. 

Mixtures can be separated by physical means such as distillation or filtration. The elements the make up a compound can only be separated if a chemical reaction takes place.

In the book The Sign of the Beaver, why did Matt hope that Attean would find his manitou?

After disappearing for longer than usual, Attean reappeared at Matt's home. At first Matt was excited to see his friend but then realized that Attean had something serious on his mind. Attean then explained that he was going to be leaving to go into the woods alone and find his manitou. Matt was curious about what Attean would be doing while in the woods finding his manitou so Attean took time to explain.

At first, as Attean explained that this was the way of his people and would lead to his becoming a man, Matt was afraid of losing his boyhood friend who would return a man. However, as Attean explained that he would be alone in the woods surviving on his own skills until his manitou, or spirit, appeared before him, Matt became more concerned that the manitou might be delayed or not show in all. He knew that without his manitou appearing, Attean would have to return ashamed to his village. He did not want that for his friend so he hoped that Attean would find his manitou.

What is the equation for the reaction between methylamine and sulfuric acid?

Methylamine is a weak base and can neutralize strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, etc. The reaction between methylamine and sulfuric acid can be written as follows:

In this neutralization reaction, 2 moles of methylamine (weak base) react with 1 mole of sulfuric acid (strong acid) and generate 1 mole of a methyl ammonium salt (a salt of a weak base and a strong acid). 

In a similar reaction, methylamine can neutralize hydrochloric acid, another strong acid. The reaction can be written as:

Here, methylamine and hydrochloric acid react with each other and produce a salt, known as N-methyl ammonium chloride. 

It is interesting to note that the salts produced in these reactions, when dissolved in water, generate acidic ions (such as , etc.). 

Hope this helps. 

What kind of sentences are used in "A Good Man is Hard to Find?" 1. Long and rambling. 2. Humorous and colorful. 3. Unusual and...

1) long and rambling is an incorrect answer. A long and rambling sentence would be extensive and repetitive, going on for a while and saying irrelevant or unnecessary things.

2) humorous and colorful is also incorrect. A humorous and colorful sentence would be joking or funny, and would show the strength of the writer's personality.

3) unusual and complex is an incorrect answer. An unusual and complex sentence would show something new and different to the reader, as well as be a long, multi-part sentence with several dividers such as commas, semicolons, dashes, or other punctuation marks.

4) short and simple is the CORRECT answer. A short and simple sentence is not long or confusing. The reader understands the purpose of the sentence easily. The sentence does not necessarily show any sense of humor or personality from the writer. The sentence is not split into multiple parts or difficult to read.

How did Caesar rise to power in Rome and what did he make himself?

Your question may refer to two people. First, it may refer to Gaius Julius Caesar, who lived from 100BCE to 44BCE. During his lifetime, Julius Caesar was a great military general and Roman Statesman. Caesar had numerous victories in the Gallic Wars and was the first Roman general to invade Britain. In 49BCE, Caesar had gained a lot of popularity that threatened the existing powers of the Senate, and he was ordered to step down as a military commander. In an act of defiance, he lead an armed legion into Rome and attacked. He was victorious in the resulting Civil War and assumed control of the government. Through his power, he was appointed dictator and began a program of reform. Not everyone was happy with the changes he made, and he was assassinated in 44BCE. 

Your question may also refer to Augustus, sometimes called Augustus Caesar. He was the adopted heir of Julius Caesar, and was granted lifelong supreme military command by the Senate. Upon ascending to the dictatorship, he began to call himself Princeps Civitatis, or "First Citizen of the State," rather than using monarchical titles like his predecessors. 

Why does Swallow live and die with the Happy Prince?

In the story, the Swallow is on his way to Egypt to spend the winter; he stops to spend the night in the city, and that is where he meets the Happy Prince.

The Prince begs the Swallow to stay with him for one night and to act as his messenger. The Swallow agrees and proceeds to carry a ruby from the Prince's sword to a seamstress who lives in the city. The gift of the ruby will allow the impoverished woman to purchase some oranges for her sickly son.

As winter approaches, the Swallow runs more errands for the Prince. One by one, the Prince gives away all the precious jewels that adorn his figure. Finally, the days become too cold for the swallow; he begs to join his swallow companions in Egypt, where they will sleep the winter away in the temple of Baalbec. However, the Prince requests that the Swallow complete one last errand for him before he leaves: to give away the second of his sapphire eyes. The sapphire eye will go to a little match-girl whose father will beat her if she does not bring home some money.

The Swallow completes this last errand but subsequently refuses to leave the Prince. He stays because the Prince is now blind and can no longer see. Because of the Prince's great compassion towards the poor, the Swallow cannot bear to leave his kind friend in the hour of his need; he has come to love the Prince and to admire his generous nature too much to desert him. The Swallow runs one last errand for the Prince before he dies; he carries every leaf of gold that covers the Prince's body to all the poor in the city. The Prince's sacrificial nature has inspired the Swallow to sacrifice his own comfort and life for the greater good.

In the end, the Swallow dies at the feet of the Prince he has loved and served so faithfully in the space of one winter.

Write the partial fraction decomposition of the rational expression. Check your result algebraically.

Multiply through by the LCD

Equate the coefficients of like terms. Then solve for A, B, and C.

In The Last Lecture, what does Randy see as the value of a positive attitude?

The ultimate value of a positive attitude in The Last Lecture is seen in how it teaches people to face challenging situations in their lives.

Randy is facing one of the most difficult realities after being diagnosed with only a few months to live.  For Randy, the value of a positive attitude lies in understanding the purpose of both his last lecture and his remaining moments.  Randy suggests that he needed to adopt a positive attitude in order to effectively face his adversary of cancer: "While I could easily feel sorry for myself, that wouldn’t do them, or me, any good." Randy understands that a positive attitude is the only approach he can take not only for himself, but for his family.  He emphasizes the importance of the legacy he will leave for his children.  If he takes a negative attitude, his children will take this with them as their final lesson from their father.  For Randy, the value of a positive attitude lies in the message it transmits to his children.

At the same time, the value of a positive attitude can be seen in his final lecture.   Randy knows that his last lecture cannot be a meditation on death and dying.  Being the "showman" he is, Randy knows that such a focus is not going to leave the audience with a worthwhile message.  As a result, Randy understands the importance of emphasizing a positive attitude throughout the lecture: "Many people might expect the talk to be about dying. But it had to be about living."  Randy knows that the value of a positive attitude is in the lecture's ability to get people to visualize a path through adversity. Randy opens his lecture with an activity that underscores this valuable idea:

I let the slide linger, so the audience could follow the arrows and count my tumors. "All right...That is what it is. We can’t change it. We just have to decide how we’ll respond. We cannot change the cards we are dealt, just how we play the hand."

A positive attitude is what Randy resolved to take when facing down cancer. Its value can be seen in the legacy he left to his family and to us as we read his final lecture.

What happens to Mr. Bumble?

We first meet Mr. Bumble in the workhouse where Oliver is born. His role is beadle of the workhouse but his attitude towards the orphans is one of cruelty and neglect. In Chapter 3, for instance, Bumble calls Oliver a "naughty orphan which nobody can't love."

We see very little of Mr. Bumble once Oliver has run away from Mr. Sowerberry's and gone to London. He returns briefly in Chapter 17 when parish business takes him on a visit to London. There, he sees an advertisement placed by Mr. Brownlow which asks for information on Oliver Twist, in return for five guineas. Motivated by the money, Bumble heads to see Mr. Brownlow and tells him how Oliver was born of "low and vicious parents" and is incapable of displaying anything other than "treachery, ingratitude and malice." Of course, Bumble knows exactly where Oliver is but does not reveal his whereabouts to Mr. Brownlow.

It is not until Chapter 37 that we see Mr. Bumble again. The narrator tells us that he has married Mrs. Corney and become the master of the workhouse. Life, then, seems to be going well for Mr. Bumble. But, in fact, he is miserable in his marriage to Mrs. Corney because she is so domineering and, even worse, he misses his role as beadle: "“Strip the bishop of his apron, or the beadle of his hat and lace; what are they." 

In one key incident, Mrs. Bumble throws a bowl of suds at her husband in front of the workhouse inhabitants. Bumble's reaction gives us a glimpse of how he feels about his life:

"He looked dejectedly round, and slunk away; and, as he reached the door, the titterings of the paupers broke into a shrill chuckle of irrepressible delight. It wanted but this. He was degraded in their eyes; he had lost caste and station before the very paupers; he had fallen from all the height and pomp of beadleship, to the lowest depth of the most snubbed hen-peckery."

Finally, in Chapter 53, we learn the long-term fate of Mr. Bumble. He and his wife are fired from the workhouse and end up in such a poor state of poverty that they are forced to live there as inmates. By giving this fate to Mr. Bumble Dickens makes an important point about the nature of being cruel and heartless towards others. In short, the message is that you reap what you sow. 

What are some different ways in which white people treat African-Americans in Beloved, and how do African-Americans respond to such treatments?

In Beloved, the main character, Sethe, an escaped slave, has varying relationships with and reactions to white people. For example, Amy Denver is a white woman who helps Sethe escape and who notes that the scars on Sethe's back form a chokeberry tree, thereby helping Sethe to make sense and start healing from the physical and emotional pain of slavery. Sethe forms a friendship with Amy, in part because Amy was an indentured servant, and knows a bit of what Sethe's life has been like. It is clear that Sethe is fond of Amy, as she names one of her daughters Denver.

Sethe has, on the other hand, had many very painful interactions with, and memories of, white people. The most striking is her relationship with Schoolteacher, who observes Sethe as she is raped as a slave (Chapter 7). Schoolteacher is a cold, hideous man who treats Sethe and other slaves as animals. Sethe detests Schoolteacher and is understandably afraid of him--so much so that she kills her child, known as Beloved, when she thinks Schoolteacher is coming to take her and her children back to slavery. 

How is Lord Henry Wotton seen as a hypocritical character, and how is he seen as a catalyst in The Picture of Dorian Gray?

Lord Henry is both a hypocrite and a catalyst in The Picture of Dorian Gray. Beginning with his hypocrisy, we see the first, and arguably most important, example of this in Chapter Two when Lord Henry declares that "all influence is immoral." This is hypocritical because Lord Henry uses his influence on Dorian, especially his witty manner and epigrams, to mould Dorian into a creature of his own making.

Interestingly, it is this influence on Dorian which also enables him to act as a catalyst. We see this at its most significant in Chapter 10  when Lord Henry sends "the yellow book" to Dorian. This book compels and fascinates Dorian and encourages his hedonism and pleasure-seeking ways. Later, in Chapter Nineteen, when confronted about the "poisoning" effect of the book, Lord Henry denies that any book can have a corrupting influence. In fact, he says:

Art has no influence upon action. It annihilates the desire to act. It is superbly sterile. The books that the world calls immoral are books that show the world its own shame.

Again, this demonstrates Henry's hypocrisy and begs the question that if a book can have no effect, why did he send it to Dorian? It is more likely that Lord Henry has realised the book's negative effects on Dorian and does not want to admit responsibility.

In sum, then, Lord Henry's hypocrisy is linked to his role as a catalyst. He claims to have no knowledge of his own corrupting influence on Dorian but is happy to sit back and watch as Dorian's dramatic life unfolds before his eyes. 

Why is Minerva Jones the object of ridicule and laughter while she is alive?

In poem 21 of Edgar Lee Masters' collection Spoon River Anthology, Minerva Jones speaks to the reader from her grave. Minerva, the village poet, is ridiculed by the town because she is disabled. She relates that she had a "heavy body, cock-eye, and rolling walk" which suggests that she had difficulty moving and that she had what we might call today a "wandering eye." 

Minerva suffers because of her disabilities. Not only is she teased by the people she calls the "Yahoos of the street" (no relation to the search engine Yahoo!), but she actually dies because a man torments her because of them. In the poem, Minerva says that a man named "Butch" Weldy hunted her like an animal and then left her with the doctor to die. 

Minerva's name is an allusion to the Greek goddess of wisdom and education, suggesting that the townspeople do not know they are killing true wisdom. The goddess Minerva was also known as a huntress, so it is ironic that the Minerva is this poem is the hunted prey and that she cannot fight back against her predators. 

What did the red rose tree tell the nightingale in "The Nightingale and the Rose" by Oscar Wilde.

In the beautiful story about altruism, true love, and deception, "The Nightingale and the Rose," a nightingale overhears a young scholar from Oxford talk about how desperately he wants to please this one young lady that he presumably loves. 

The girl said to him that she will offer him a dance if he brings her red roses, however, there are no red roses in the student's garden. 

The nightingale, feeling that she has witnessed an instance of true love, feels that she should secure a red rose for the student so that he can complete his wish. However, upon looking around the garden she, too, realizes that there are no red roses at all. 

There is a red-rose tree, however, but it cannot produce the red rose the bird so badly needs. Upon inquiring, the rose tree responds to the bird that the cold winter froze the tree down to the root, therefore, it would be impossible to produce a red rose. 

My roses are red, [...] But the winter has chilled my veins, and the frost has nipped my buds, and the storm has broken my branches, and I shall have no roses at all this year.

This is the pivotal moment in the story when the bird realizes that, in order to get the red rose, she would have to make it herself. She decides, in the name of "True Love", as she calls it, to get a white rose and use her own blood to stain it red. It is the ultimate sacrifice, and it shows the altruism of the bird in wanting the young man to get his wish granted. However, we will find out later in the story that the sacrifice means nothing, as the student is not truly in love and is, in fact, just a capricious and selfish individual. 

Why do protons contain a positive charge? Why do electrons contain a negative charge?

I'm not sure there is a meaningful answer to this question, at least not one that is known to current science.

We can explain why we call them positive and negative. It was basically an arbitrary decision, and we probably should have gone the other way around because electrons are a lot more mobile. The "positive" terminal of a battery is the one that's missing electrons. This is a very odd convention.

We can even sort of explain why they are opposite. There's a fundamental balance between electric charges in the universe called the CPT (charge-parity-time) symmetry. So they have to be exactly equal and opposite.

In the particular case of the proton, we can break it up into quarks (well, theoretically; we can't actually separate them for more than a few nanoseconds) and say that a proton is two up quarks, each with +2/3 charge, and one down quark with -1/3 charge, and therefore a total of +1 charge. (No such luck with the electron; leptons have no constituent parts so far as we know.) Even then, we still don't know why up and down quarks have those charges.

But why is there electric charge at all? Who do we have these four forces, and not some different set of forces? Why does matter exist, and why hasn't it been annihilated by an equal quantity of antimatter? Why is the mass of the proton so much smaller than its charge (this question makes sense if you use natural Planck units)?

Nobody knows. This is the frontier of modern theoretical physics. String theorists think they have an answer, but so far they haven't come up with a theory we can actually test in experiments.

Come back in 100 years, and maybe we'll have it figured out by then.

If you heat a gas, what effect will this have on the movement of the particles?

When we heat a substance, its molecules absorb this heat energy and their kinetic energies increase. This results in weakening of bonds holding these particles together and we observe a change of state from solid to liquid. With further heating, the particles attain an even higher amount of kinetic energy and move around faster, thus overcoming the intermolecular bonds. This causes a change of state from liquid to gas phase. These two phenomena are commonly observed as melting and boiling, respectively.

When the substance is in gas phase, the molecules already are away from each other and are able to move around freely. If we heat a gas, heat energy would be imparted to these molecules and upon attaining kinetic energy, they will move faster, causing the gas to be more mobile. 

Hope this helps. 

Why was Germany so aggressive in taking over Europe?

Long story short: Following World War I, the Treaty of Versailles forced Germany to take blame for the war, pay a crippling amount of retributions (really damaged their economy), and give up several of their territories. Eventually, Adolf Hitler took advantage of the country's weak state and the angry feelings that the Treaty of Versailles inspired to convince the rest of the country that, somehow, Jewish people were the ultimate root of all of their problems and that the Germans were better than the rest of Europe and deserved to be in control. As Hitler rose to power and became stronger, the people started to agree with him more and more until he convinced them to go along with his plan to ignore the Treaty of Versailles and attempt to dominate Europe with aggression. Great Britain and France declared war on Germany two days after they invaded Poland, marking the beginning of World War II. 

Why was control of the federal judiciary essential to the Federalist party?

The Federalist party of the United States was one of two early factions in the republic.  The party was led by George Washington, John Adams and Alexander Hamilton and advocated a strong federal presence in the United States.  The party was a strong advocate for the United States Constitution and believed that the future economic success of the United States depended on a strong national government.

The federal courts were very important to the agenda of the Federalist Party.  Since George Washington and John Adams were the first two presidents, they would have the opportunity to fill the courts with judges that supported Federalist positions.  The importance of this relates to the length of terms for judges.  Federal judges and Justices of the Supreme Court are appointed by the president and serve lifetime terms.  This meant that even if the Federalists lost the chief executive, the legacy of their court selections would endure.  Thomas Jefferson lamented this point as third president with the following thought:  

The Federalists have retired into the judiciary as a stronghold . . . and from that battery all the works of Republicanism are to be beaten down and destroyed. 

Thomas Jefferson did not make these comments out of thin air. Many of the court appointments made by Washington and Adams were making the federal government's presence stronger through their decisions. John Marshall, who was appointed as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court under John Adams, made key decisions that strengthened the Supreme Court, and the federal government in general.

Marshall, like most federalists, endorsed a loose interpretation of the Supreme Court. This meant that if the Constitution did not expressly forbid the federal government from certain actions, the federal government was permitted to pursue said actions. The following two quotes by John Marshall demonstrate his belief in a strong federal court and government system:

The government of the Union, though limited in its powers, is supreme within its sphere of action, and its laws, when made in pursuance of the constitution, form the supreme law of the land.

The constitution is either a superior paramount law, unchangeable by ordinary means, or it is on a level with ordinary legislative acts, alterable when the legislature shall please to alter it. It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is. This is the very essence of judicial duty.

John Marshall and his court used the notion of implied powers when interpreting the Constitution.  Although a law may seem to contradict the powers granted to Congress by the Constitution, the Marshall Court would interpret laws based on what the Constitution implied.  This was true even if the Constitution did not specifically express the power.  The Marshall Court ruled in landmark cases that would give precedence for a strong federal court system.  The cases that need to be mentioned as important to the Federalist cause include the Marbury v. Madison, McCulloch v. Maryland, and Gibbons v. Ogden cases.  These cases happened after the Federalist hold on the executive branch and indicate the importance of the Federalist control of the judiciary.  

Information on the above Supreme Court cases can be found at the following places. If you are writing a paper on this question, you could spend at least a paragraph each on the three court cases.

Marbury v. Madison Supreme Court Case

McCulloch v. Maryland

Gibbons v. Ogden

These court cases are seen as very important in giving the federal government the strong presence over the state governments that it has enjoyed during the history of the Republic.  You can imagine the frustration of Thomas Jefferson in that he finally became the president as an anti-federalist, but still had to accept the rulings of the judges from the previous federalist administrations.