What does Andrew Carnegie say about how big businesses or wealth is good for America? How does he justify his answer? I want to know what he...

Andrew Carnegie supported big business and believed strongly that it is acceptable for people to accumulate wealth. Andrew Carnegie would have felt comfortable with what was happening in the Gilded Age.

Andrew Carnegie believed in the concept of Social Darwinism. He believed that the strongest and fittest people and businesses should survive. He believed those who weren’t as creative and efficient in business were hurting our economy and shouldn’t be supported. Andrew Carnegie was a strong believer in competition. He believed the strongest competitors would be the ones who survived.

Andrew Carnegie did believe that those who were wealthy had an obligation to help those who were less fortunate. In what was known as the Gospel of Wealth, Andrew Carnegie believed in using his money to help people. For example, he used his money to build many libraries. He wanted to do things that would help people improve their condition instead of just giving handouts to people. While Andrew Carnegie supported Social Darwinist ideas, he did feel a need to soften the harshness of this philosophy by becoming a philanthropist.

What are examples of ethos, logos, and pathos in Chapter 11 of The Life of Frederick Douglass?

Frederick Douglass uses all three modes of appeal in the first several paragraphs of Chapter XI of his Narrative.  He first appeals to logos--or logic--in the first paragraph when giving his reasons for not offering details about his escape:

My reasons for pursuing this course may be understood from the following: First, were I to give a minute statement of all the facts, it is not only possible, but quite probable, that others would thereby be involved in the most embarrassing difficulties.  Secondly, such a statement would most undoubtedly induce greater vigilance on the part of the slaveholders than has existed heretofore among them....

By quantifying his points by number ("First," "Secondly") Douglass makes his point in abstract, logical fashion.  Furthermore, he implies that, logically, were he to relate those details, he would embarrass some who helped him and hinder other slaves' escapes by increasing slaveholder "vigilance."

In the next paragraph, he relies on ethos--or his own authority as a speaker--to justify this decision:

I, however, can see very little good resulting from such a course, either to themselves or the slaves escaping; while, upon the other hand, I see and feel assured that those open declarations are a positive evil to the slaves remaining, who are seeking to escape.

Through repetition of the first person pronoun "I," Douglass makes clear that the only source of authority for both of these claims is himself alone.  Thus the reader has to believe that Douglass is speaking from a position on authority on these matters, as there is no other reason to believe his claims based on his rhetorical constructions.

Finally, Douglass' vision of a slaveholder in search of an escaped slave appeals to pathos--or emotion:

I would leave him to imagine himself surrounded by myriads of invisible tormentors, ever ready to snatch from his infernal grasp his trembling prey.  Let him be left to feel his way in the dark; let darkness commensurate with his crime hover over him....

The emphasis on feeling and imagination in the above passage indicates an emphasis on irrational faculties beyond reason and Douglass' authority.  Furthermore, using descriptive words like "infernal," "trembling," and "tormentors," works to elicit an emotional response (most likely of fear) on the part of the reader.  In the opening stages of Chapter XI, Douglass employs all three modes of appeal.

How would you describe the beauty of the woman in Byron's "She Walks in Beauty" in your own words?

As this subtly stunning young woman glides into the room so quietly, her beautiful, flowing black hair reminds me of the velvety loveliness of a dark sky on a clear night. Her hair is black like the night. Her smile, her glow and her sweet face are like the stars shining brightly against that black sky. She walks with grace. She radiates calm, mellowness and peace, all of which remind me of the gentle softness of the midnight sky. She is not gaudy or bright in a garish way like the daytime's sun. In fact, I find her a perfect mix of darkness and light. I believe the harmonious beauty of her body mirrors the gentleness and purity of her soul, as well as reflecting a heart filled with an innocent love. 

What are some of the long-term impacts of environmental problems, and how can some of these be solved?

The long-term impact of environmental problems are already evident. As average global temperatures have inched up as a result of natural phenomena and human activities alike, the ramifications of these changes in global temperatures – and it is always important to draw that crucial distinction between daily weather and long-term climatological patterns – are felt in the severity of natural phenomena such as hurricanes and tornadoes, as well as in the threat to habitats caused by rising sea levels. While this less of a consensus on many key issues involving the environment and climate change than many acknowledge, there is no question that changes are occurring, and that these changes do not bode well for mankind. For example, Kevin Trenberth, a climate scientist with the National Center for Atmospheric Research, stated the following in a 2013 interview with National Geographic regarding the connection between climate change, even at seemingly miniscule levels, and the severity of natural phenomena like hurricanes and tornadoes:

"The main climate change connection is via the basic instability of the low-level air that creates the convection and thunderstorms in the first place. Warmer and moister conditions are the key for unstable air. The oceans are warmer because of climate change.

"The climate change effect is probably only a 5 to 10 percent effect in terms of the instability and subsequent rainfall, but it translates into up to a 33 percent effect in terms of damage."

Similarly, the rising sea levels that are resulting from climate change pose an increasing long-term threat to the hundreds of millions of people around the world. It is estimated that around 44 percent of the world’s population lives within 100 miles of the ocean. With such a large concentration of population living along coastlines, the impact over the long term of rising sea levels, even when changes occur at seemingly inconsequential levels measured in millimeters, will be enormous [see on this issue “U.N. Atlas: 44 Percent of Us Live in Coastal Areas” and “Rising Waters: How Far and How Fast Will Sea Levels Rise?”]. It is already estimated that certain island chains will disappear, including the Marshall Islands, the population of which is around 72,000, and that perennial international donor basket-case Bangladesh is expected to see enormous devastation wrought by rising sea levels. In the case of the latter, one recent article includes the following estimate of the long-term consequences for that country of rising sea levels. Quoting scientist and climate change expert Dr. Atiq Rahman, the article states:

 “The country’s climate scientists and politicians have come to agree that by 2050, rising sea levels will inundate some 17 percent of the land and displace about 18 million people, Dr. Rahman said” [see: “Borrowed Time on Disappearing Land: Facing Rising Seas, Bangladesh Confronts the Consequences of Climate Change,” New York Times, March 28, 2014].

So, the long-term impact of environmental changes will be enormous and costly. The human toll in terms of uprooted populations that will be forced to migrate to other areas where resources are already stretched thin will be incalculable, and this doesn’t even address the health effects directly associated with industrial and vehicular emissions, such as incidences of respiratory and circulatory diseases.

The question, then, becomes one of potential changes to mitigate such problems. Unfortunately, the answers are too complex, because the causes of environmental change are many, and because two countries with the world’s largest populations, India and China, each of which has a population well-over one billion, are struggling to develop economically in order to support those enormous populations while emerging as global powers on the scale of the United States, Germany, and even Russia. Such developing nations tend to resent suggestions by other, more-developed nations that have already attained high standards of living at the expense of the environment, that they, the less-developed nations, refrain from the types of activities, such as use of coal-fired plants, that the others had already exploited for economic growth. In order words, what’s good for the goose, they argue, is good for the gander.

The recently-concluded United Nations Conference on Climate Change, held in Paris, France, in late-November/early-December 2015, did represent some measure of progress in attaining an international consensus on the need to address climate change, including calling for the elimination of so-called “greenhouse” gas emissions, those chemical pollutants that result from industrial activities and vehicle emissions, that are believed responsible for the climate change scientists are observing. 

With a global population estimated to rise from its current 7.2 billion to 9.6 billion by 2050, the challenge of reducing emissions is virtually astronomical.  Hopes that reliance on fossil fuels (e.g., the oil that lubricates machinery and, when refined, powers internal combustion engines) will diminish rapidly and globally will continue to clash with the imperatives many governments around the world feel to develop economically as soon as they can, and automobile usage shows no sign of decreasing to any appreciable degree, although cars are certainly more fuel efficient and operate more cleanly than in the past (Volkswagon’s thoroughly corrupt business practices notwithstanding; see, “Volkswagon: The Scandal Explained”).

If climate change is to be confronted in a meaningful way, then carbon and other emissions have to be curtailed. Additionally, deforestation, the mass destruction of dense forests that are essential for the production of the air we breathe, has to be stopped – another difficult challenge given the rate at which the world’s forests are being destroyed through slash-and-burn farming techniques and commercially-driven destruction of other forested regions for development and wood-exploitation purposes [see on this point, for example, “Ikea Under Fire for Ancient Tree Logging” and “The True Cost of Ikea: Logging Old-Growth Forests”]. Basically, consumers in wealthy countries have to be willing to forgo certain goods, while governments in less-developed nations have to be willing to eliminate the corruption that skews policies and actions and results in even more environmental destruction than is already occurring. People, on a grand scale, have to change the way they live, and the prospects of that happening are slim.

How can I analyze the poem "In a Station of the Metro" by Ezra Pound? What are the theme, shift(s) and attitude of the poem?

At first blush, "In a Station of the Metro" seems impossibly easy.  After all, it is a two-line poem.  That being said, there is a lot going on within the few words we get from Ezra Pound.

The title and first line place us at "the Metro" -- Paris' cleaner version of the NYC subway system.  His first line, "The apparition of these faces in the crowd" firmly places the speaker in the Metro.  The use of "apparition" indicates that the faces are moving quickly in and out of his view, almost like ghosts.  The fact that he only refers to people by their "faces" likewise seems to dehumanize and disembody them.

In the second line, however, we shift from the decidedly unattractive Metro scene.  Here, he makes the metaphor that these apparitions whose faces he sees are, in fact, "Petals on a wet, black bough."  He is comparing the disembodied faces to petals on a branch.  This seems to suggest a connectedness between the people, one that we did not see when they were only apparitions and faces.  The fact that he uses the metaphor of a tree branch is likely not an accident.  Ezra Pound was a big fan of Japanese literature and a student of haiku.  The poem itself is a modified haiku, and the tree branch is likely a nod to the flowering trees prevalent in Japan.

In the end, then, there are two main possibilities for theme here.  One is that even seemingly disconnected entities are connected in the bigger picture.  The other is that beauty may be found everywhere, even in the seemingly ugly surroundings of the Metro.  The shift in tone and attitude from the busyness and disconnectedness of the first line to the beauty of the second serves to drive this point home.

Why is Aunt Alexandra angry in To Kill a Mockingbird?

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In "The Open Window," why does Vera enjoy tricking people?

Vera is an example of how a skillful fiction writer will create a character to fit the needs of his plot. Such examples are to be found throughout the world's literature. Characters are not real people but illusions. The three characters in "The Open Window" were all created to fit the parts they needed to play. Framton Nuttel is a neurotic man who is only visiting the Sappletons because he has come to this part of the country for a "nerve cure." He doesn't know a thing about the Sappleton family or about the region. Mrs. Sappleton is an empty-headed woman who has no internal or external resources. She is as confined as a caged bird or a house cat. She is devoted to the three men in her life and has learned to talk their language, which is all about tramping around in the mud and killing birds. Saki needed a character who would tell the neurotic visitor a wild ghost story and set him up to be terrified when the three hunters appeared. The author invented a girl who was just young enough to be mischievous and just old enough to be believable. She is the best character in the story--but she is just a character and not a real, live human being. We can only speculate about her reasons for being slightly sadistic.

Vera is a girl. She can't go hunting and is confined to the house just like her aunt, and she may see her future in her aunt. She will get married and have to play hostess to unattractive men like Framton Nuttel and idiotic women like her aunt. If she marries a wealthy man she will have servants to do all the work, and she will have little to do except to read books and listen to male talk. Vera must feel resentful. She is introduced as a stand-in hostess while her aunt makes a few last-minute touches to her hair and dress. No doubt Mrs. Sappleton has sent Vera on ahead in order to give the girl some practice for the role of hostess she is destined to assume in the not-too-distant future. Vera knows this and resents it. She doesn't want to be another Mrs. Sappleton. Who would? Since Vera has virtually nothing to do but read, she has augmented her own vivid imagination with ideas she has picked up from her books. She suffocates in an environment she would like to escape from, so she might like escapist literature.

So Vera is resentful, bored, imaginative, and addicted to escapist reading as well as escapist fantasies. She resents being kept a prisoner in this country manor where everybody predictably does and says the same things day after day until they are driving her insane. She takes out her resentment and frustration on poor Framton Nuttel because he doesn't know anything about anybody in the region. She may not have intended to send him flying out into the night. If he had stayed, he would have met the three men and quickly realized the girl was only playing a practical joke. He could not have caused her trouble by repeating her ghost story. He might have given her a dirty look, and she might have returned it with a winsome conspiratorial grin. But because the author had created a "patsy" who was already a nervous wreck, Framton reacts more vigorously than the girl probably expected, and she has to invent another story as a cover-up.

"I expect it was the spaniel," said the niece calmly; "he told me he had a horror of dogs. He was once hunted into a cemetery somewhere on the banks of the Ganges by a pack of pariah dogs, and had to spend the night in a newly dug grave with the creatures snarling and grinning and foaming just above him. Enough to make anyone lose their nerve."

"La Belle Dame Sans Merci" is a poem which lends itself to varied interpretations. I need to discuss and illustrate what aspects of Keats's poetic...

Keats began working on his poem "La Belle Dame Sans Merci" in 1819. It consists of 12 quatrains rhymed ABCB. The first three lines of each stanza are written in iambic tetrameter and the fourth line in iambic trimeter. The poem follows the generic conventions of the ballad.

The first feature which makes it typical of Keats' version of romanticism is the nostalgic setting in an idealized version of the Middle Ages, including its appropriation of the folk-poetic form of the ballad. 

Another feature typical of Keats' poetic art is the way that he uses the imagery of nature to establish mood, a technique sometimes known as the "pathetic fallacy." The despair and withering of the knight due to his love for "La Belle Dame Sans Merci" who abandoned him is reflected in the wintry landscape evoked in the final lines:

Though the sedge is withered from the lake,

And no birds sing

In Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, where does bravery and loyalty play an important part?

Guy Montag lives in a world where no one can be trusted because people are trained to turn someone into authorities for possessing or owning books. It doesn't matter what relationship a person shares with another, either. Children can turn in parents, neighbors turn in neighbors, and even a wife can turn in a husband simply for looking at a book. The consequences are arresting the offender and burning down his or her house along with the books. In order to live in such a society, one would need to be brave and loyal to one side of the issue or the other. Book owners would need to be brave to face such a society and loyal to others whom they know own books, too. On the other hand, non-book owners would have to be brave enough to turn in family members, friends, or neighbors in order to remain loyal to the government. The scary part is discovering who might be brave and loyal for whom. Either way, a person must be brave and loyal in order to survive this life.

As Montag switches his loyalties away from supporting book burning, he must brave the consequences of his choices and actions and discover whom he can trust. He tries to bring his wife along with him in this endeavor, but she turns on him and calls the authorities, instead. Montag realizes his wife's betrayal as he shows up to his own house with the fire squad:

"The front door opened; Mildred came down the steps, running, one suitcase held with a dreamlike clenching rigidity in her fist, as a beetle-taxi hissed to the curb.

'Mildred!'

She ran past with her body stiff, her face floured with powder, her mouth gone, without lipstick.

'Mildred, you didn't put in the alarm!'" (114)

To his surprise, his wife was neither brave nor loyal--she simply fled. Hence, bravery and loyalty are important here because his wife didn't have either to support her husband. 

Later, Montag bravely runs for his life. The Mechanical Hound is sent out after him and he has to escape into the river to avoid it. Luckily, others like Montag who live in the wilderness were loyal and did not assist the authorities to find him. Instead, they helped Montag by bringing him into their midst and accepting him. Granger, the leader in the wilderness, explains their role in helping Montag:

"Granger nodded to a portable battery TV set by the fire. 'We've watched the chase. Figured you'd wind up south along the river. When we heard you plunging around out in the forest like a drunken elk, we didn't hide as we usually do. We figured you were in the river, when the helicopter cameras swung back in over the city. Something funny there. The chase is still running. The other way, though'" (147).

Oddly enough, strangers were more brave and loyal for Montag than his wife was. If these people had not gone to help him, Montag could have died alone in the wilderness. Lucky for him, though, he finally finds people with whom he shares a common interest in preserving the thoughts, stories and ideas found in books and they live to wait for a time when they can share those things again.

Was there a global effort to influence or stop the human rights abuses in East Timor?

The crisis in East Timor refers to a history of human rights abuses targeted at their population by the Indonesian government and military. Indonesia assumed control of East Timor in 1975, shortly after Portugal left the colony. Indonesia invaded East Timor because it was likely that a communist state was going to be instituted there. The result of Indonesian invasion and over twenty years of war were brutal on the population of East Timor with roughly half of the country's population perishing from the unrest. Very little was done on the international level to stop the violence.

Because of the Cold War politics of the day, relief for the East Timorese population was nearly non-existent. The United States and the United Kingdom supported the Indonesian efforts. It has even been alleged that the United States trained killing squads under the Bill Clinton administration. Because of the prominent role of the United States in the United Nations, little was done through this organization to stop the killings. In 1999, the issue of independence caused even greater violence and despair in East Timor. When the United Nations finally brokered a popular election for independence, violence reached a fevered pitch. Australia sent a contingency to reach peace and the United Nations arrived and independence was granted in 2002.

What is the climax in "The Lady or the Tiger?"

The climax of the story comes when the young lover in the arena goes to the door indicated by the princess and opens it. Naturally the reader would expect to see whether the lady or the tiger emerged. But the author leaves that question unanswered forever. The following paragraph is the climax. 

He turned, and with a firm and rapid step he walked across the empty space. Every heart stopped beating, every breath was held, every eye was fixed immovably upon that man. Without the slightest hesitation, he went to the door on the right, and opened it.

Something undoubtedly happens, but we will never know what it was. It happened, as the author says, "In the very olden time." We don't wonder so much about what happened to the princess's young lover as we wonder about the princess herself. She gave her lover a swift and subtle signal to choose the door on the right.

No one but her lover saw her. Every eye but his was fixed on the man in the arena.

The lover's fate was dependent, not on his choice between the two doors, but on hers. That is really what we want to know because it would tell us about the princess and perhaps about women in general. Would she prefer to see her lover torn to pieces by a tiger or married on the spot to the beautiful rival whom she hates. If she lets her lover get torn to pieces, that spectacle would be over with quickly. But if she lets him marry the woman she hates, she would have to endure her jealousy for many years. The two would be happy together. They might have many children. And meanwhile the princess would have to settle for another man whom she might not even love and whose inferior qualities would be a continual reminder of the man she had lost.

The princess did not make up her mind on the spur of the moment. She had plenty of time to think about what she was going to do, although it only took her an instant to give her lover the signal to choose the door on his right. Like the princess, the reader is visualizing two possible outcomes for the trusting lover. The author himself speculates about the outcome after the climax is reached.

The more we reflect upon this question, the harder it is to answer. It involves a study of the human heart which leads us through devious mazes of passion, out of which it is difficult to find our way.

What is an example of Juliet's hubris in Romeo and Juliet? What quotes support this?

Many of Juliet's quotes can be interpreted as containing hubris. I'll note a few below and then describe how they could represent the hubris of Juliet.

...stony limits cannot hold love out,

And what love can do, that dares love attempt.

This quote by Juliet, which is spoken in the balcony scene, speaks of love's power. Today, this would not be viewed as hubris. However, Romantic love is a fairly new idea. Juliet discusses how her love cannot be chained down or limited ("stony limits cannot hold love out") and Juliet believes that her love trumps her familial obligations. Today, this perspective would be viewed as normal, but this belief may have been construed as hubris during Elizabethan times, or it would have, at least, been viewed as demonstrating self-centeredness.

My bounty is as boundless as the sea,

My love as deep; the more I give to thee,

The more I have, for both are infinite.

This quote from Juliet appears to be romantic, but it could also be seen as containing hubris. Juliet is comparing her love to the natural properties of the world. While she may feel this way, she is still a 14-year-old girl. 

... when he shall die,

Take him and cut him out in little stars,

And he will make the face of heaven so fine

That all the world will be in love with night,

And pay no worship to the garish sun.

Juliet continues to relate the love between her and Romeo to having fantastic, natural qualities. In modern society, this may not be viewed suspiciously, but classical, and more religious, societies would see this as a sign of hubris. To Juliet, the love between her and Romeo is not beneath the world and its gods; it is above it. 

The XYZ firm's total cost function is TC=5Q^2 + 20Q+100. If the firm's product could sell in a competitive market at a price of $120 per unit, what...

You may evaluate the profit function, such that:

The first order condition for profit maximization is , such that:

The total maximized profit is obtained by substituting -10 into the equation of , such that:

Hence, the total maximized profit is $400.

How does an organism survive? Including its habitat, how it obtains food, shelter, and how it avoids danger.

Organisms need basic elemental things to survive.  The things they need depend on the biome they are living in, but basically boil down to the following:  sunlight, water, food, temperature, and air.  Animals will also need some form of shelter, a place to call home, to rest, to recharge.  Sunlight is the primary energy source; all green plants require the radiation from the sun to manufacture food in a process called photosynthesis.  Water is required on both plants and animals, some more, some less, depending on the life form.  Food is eaten by animals, some in plant form, some consume other organisms, all to produce energy for their cells in a process called cellular respiration.  Animals need oxygen to survive, while plants need carbon dioxide to participate in photosynthesis. 

Depending on the habitat, all these factors must be covered.  An animal living in the rain forests of South America will have unlimited supplies of water, sun, and food.  Animals in the polar extremes, like polar bears, have exactly the opposite in terms of availability, but manage to find resources where they live.  Then, compare animals and plants living in desert biomes, where water is scarce, food is scarce, and sun and temperature are abundant.  This is why you find the variety of different organisms worldwide, depending upon where and how they make their living.

Avoiding danger is another concern for survival.  In the wild, there is an established food chain.  Depending upon an organism's location on the food chain, being consumed by a larger consumer is a real concern.  Not only do they have to consume for themselves, they have to avoid becoming food.  Beavers do this by building a beaver dam, which has several entrances, from underwater.  This is a safe haven from which they may procure food, and avoid becoming food, for say, a hungry bear.

Why is Tybalt even in the play 'Romeo and Juliet'?

In the play, Romeo and Juliet, the character of Tybalt serves a few significant purposes. First, he acts as a foil to Benvolio at the outset, by saying these words:

" What, art thou drawn among these heartless hinds? Turn thee Benvolio, look upon thy death" (Act 1 Scene 1, lines 57 - 58)

While Benvolio is the peacekeeper of the Montague family, Tybalt is the fiery tempered, fight-loving instigator of the Capulets and it is, in part, his petulant behavior and attitude that moves the action of the play towards its eventual tragedy.

Later on in the play, in Act 3 scene 1, Tybalt insults Romeo by calling him a villain. Romeo, who has just hours before secretly married Juliet, replies, “I do protest I never injured thee, But love thee better than thou canst devise.” Mercutio steps in to defend Romeo’s honor and returns Tybalt’s insult by calling him “Good King of Cats.” Mercutio draws his sword, then he and Tybalt fight. After Mercutio dies during the fight, Romeo is finally drawn into it and ends up killing Tybalt in return. This action sends Romeo into banishment from Verona and from Juliet. It is Tybalt's character that serves as the catalyst for the events that will lead to the tragic deaths of the two lovers.

Who founded the Plymouth colony and what motivated them to come to North America?

The Plymouth Colony was founded by people that we know as the “Pilgrims.”  They are perhaps more properly known as the “Separatists.”  They founded the colony so that they would be able to live as English people in a place where their religion dominated public life.

The Separatists were one group of Puritans. Puritans in general believed that the Church of England was too much like the Roman Catholic Church and they wanted it to be “purified.”  The Separatists thought that the Church of England was so contaminated by Catholic influences that they needed to be separate from it.  This was a dangerous opinion at a time when the government expected people to be faithful to the state religion.

Because of this, many Separatists left England. They went first to Holland but did not really like living there because it was a foreign place and they were uncomfortable.  In addition, they feared losing their English identity.  Because of this, they decided to take the risk of coming to America so they could still be English, but live in a place where the their religion was the dominant religion.

Please follow the link below for more detailed information about the Pilgrims.

Plot the complex number and find its absolute value.

You need to find the absolute value of the complex number, using the formula , hence, you need to determine a and b.

Replacing 4 for a and -6 for b in formula of absolute value, yields:

Hence, the distance of the complex number from the origin is given by the aboslute value .

The complex number is displayed as the point (4,-6) in a coordinate plane, or as a vector from the origin to the point (4,-6).

Sputnik I was launched into orbit around Earth in 1957. It had a perigee (the closest approach to Earth, measured from Earth’s center) of 6.81 x...

Hello!

When a relatively light body rotates around much heavier body, its orbit is elliptical with the heavier object at one focus of this ellipse. And the speed of a smaller object is

where is the constant of universe gravitation, is the mass of a heavier body, is the current distance between objects and is the major semi-axis of the elliptic orbit.

Denote the minimal distance as and the maximum as Then or

Also, at the perigee And we know and

The final formula is

In numbers,

which is approximately

P.S. Sources give the completely different values for and

P.P.S. The main formula may be derived from the basic physical laws, see the first link.

In the story "The Pearl" what songs did Kino hear in the first chapter?

In Steinbeck's short story "The Pearl", Kino hears several songs in the first chapter. The most prominent song at the beginning is the Song of the Family. When we think of songs, we may think of traditional music and singing, but that is not the type of song that Kino is hearing. The Song of the Family includes all of the noises incorporated with his family preparing for their day. He hears his wife Juana making breakfast, and this is the rhythm of the song. Juana sings quietly, and this is also part of the Song of the Family. When a scorpion appears in the cradle with his son, Kino hears the Song of Evil. This song is reserved for times of anger and fear and when enemies are present. The scorpion represents the evil in this case. The final song of the chapter is the Song of the Enemy, which Kino hears has he stomps on the scorpion after it stung his son. 

What does the road "less traveled" symbolize in "The Road Not Taken" by Robert Frost?

In Robert Frost's immensely-popular--though often misinterpreted--poem, "The Road Not Taken," the road "less traveled by" symbolizes a couple of things. First, this phrase symbolizes the desire to make choices for oneself. The narrator openly admits earlier in the poem that the two paths he encounters are equally well-traveled, but he later refers to the one he took as "less traveled." This is because he wants to make it seem as though he made a deliberate choice to be different than those who had come before him. The choice was not significant, but he wants to believe (or others to believe) it was important.

Second, the road "less traveled" symbolizes the possibilities lost by making a decision. The narrator wishes he could travel on both paths, but he must make a choice. He chooses one--on impulse--but continues to think about the opportunities he missed by not choosing the other path.

Simplify: (2(1-cos^2x))/(1-sin^2x)

To simplify this, apply the Pythagorean identity   .

And, apply the formula   .

Therefore, the simplified form is .

Use matricies to solve the system of equations (if possible). Use Gauss-Jordan elimination.

The equations can be written as,

R2 R1+R2+R3

R1 R1-R2

R3 2R3+R2

R1 R1-R3

Now,

 

So, the solutions are x=-6,y=8,z=2

Explain the social reforms that emerged during the Progressive Era.

There were many reforms made during the Progressive Era. Some of the reforms were social reforms. Before the Progressive Era, it was common for kids to work instead of go to school. They would work in the factories or mines and receive very little pay. As a result, child labor laws were passed, and kids were required to attend school. The Children’s Bureau was also established to investigate issues with child labor. The work environment was often very unsafe and unhealthy. If a worker was injured on the job, that person would likely lose his or her job. As a result of the Progressive Era, worker compensation laws were passed. Additionally, health and safety laws were passed to make factories safer and healthier places to work.

Laws were passed to make our food and medicines safe. Upton Sinclair’s book, The Jungle, was partially responsible for passing the Meat Inspection Act to begin the federal inspection of the meat industry. The Pure Food and Drug Act also made it illegal for companies to falsely label food and medicine.

Who helped restore confidence in the nation's banks?

If you are talking about the United States during the time of the Great Depression, then the best answer to this question is President Franklin D. Roosevelt.  He is the person who is generally given the most credit for restoring Americans’ faith in their banking system.

One major problem during the first few years of the Great Depression was the failure of many American banks.  The banks had loaned out money to various people who lost their ability to repay the loans.  As all these borrowers defaulted, the banks lost money.  Depositors started to worry that their banks would lose their money so they often went to the banks to try to withdraw all of their savings.  When too many depositors did this, the banks ran out of money and failed.  This meant that most of their depositors lost all their savings.  This created more runs on other banks, and the problem spiraled.

When President Roosevelt took office, one of his first acts was to try to stabilize the banking system.  Almost immediately, he declared a “bank holiday,” suspending all bank transactions so people could not remove their money from the banks.  By doing this, and by eventually doing other things like creating the FDIC to insure people’s deposits, FDR did much to restore Americans’ faith in their banking system.  For this reason, he is the most likely answer to your question.

I'm doing a project and one question is how did the Treaty of Ghent affect the war of 1812. How did the war end with the peace treaty? They were...

The Treaty of Ghent ended the War of 1812 with Great Britain. It was signed in December 1814. However because news traveled slowly in the 1800s, news hadn’t reached New Orleans before the Battle of New Orleans was fought. While the Americans decisively won the Battle of New Orleans, it had no effect on the war or on the peace treaty. The person who benefitted the most from the battle was probably Andrew Jackson as his image was enhanced with the victory.

The terms of the Treaty of Ghent signified that there was no clear winner in the War of 1812. Neither the United States nor Great Britain gained land as a result of the treaty. The trade and border issues were to be resolved later. Impressment wasn’t even discussed in the treaty. Once the war that was being fought in Europe against Napoleon ended, some of these issues that led to the war of 1812 faded away. The terms of this treaty suggested there was no clear winner in the war.

How is the novel Mrs. Dalloway different from the conventional plot-driven novel?

In the most basic sense, a traditional plot hinges on action. A character or group of characters desire something; they act in such a way as to procure it; other characters will try and foil their plan. Thus, a traditional plot will involve a problem that needs to be solved - that is, actively and aggressively solved by a group of empowered characters.

The plot of Mrs. Dalloway, in contrast, revolves around internal thought and feeling, not action. Clarissa does very little in the novel: she plans her party, attends it, and appears before her childhood friends in a striking, if tragic, moment. Rather, emphasis is placed on Clarissa's memories, emotions, and silent monologues; similarly, other characters, like Septimus Smith and Miss Killman, are defined not by what they say and do, but what they feel and hold within themselves.

Mrs. Dalloway is revolutionary in the way it recasts not only the structure and flow of a novel, but also its proper themes. Whereas before, only grandiose feats and incredible activities were seen as proper fodder for a narrative (think The Odyssey), Mrs. Dalloway takes the quiet, seemingly bland mind of an English woman and spins it out in all of its hurt, complexity, and possibility. Thus, the small and hidden world of a woman becomes as important, and as worthy of writing, as a great battle, and clean, action-oriented plot structures are replaced by hazy meanderings reminiscent of thought. 

What are the six key steps to attaining statehood?

There are several steps that must be followed for a territory to be a state in our country. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 established a part of this process. This law was one of the successes of the government created by the Articles of Confederation. The exact process of becoming a state is outlined in the U.S. Constitution.

There is a process that needs to be followed for statehood to occur. The first step that must occur is that the United States must gain control of an area of land. If the people of this area or territory want to become a state, they must then vote to initiate the process of becoming a state. Third, if the people approve the desire to be a state, they must then ask Congress to consider their request. The next step would be to write a state constitution if none exists. Of course, the state constitution can’t go against the U.S. Constitution. The fifth step would be for Congress to vote to approve the request. The final step would be for the President to sign the action approved by Congress. If these steps are followed, an area of land can then become a state.

What is the symbolic meaning of the shaking of the harness bells in "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening"?

The shaking of the harness bells is an example of auditory imagery. Along with the sweeping sound of “easy wind and downy flake,” the tinkle of the bells was the only sound that could be heard in the woods.

This underscores the point that absolute silence gripped the woods on that wintry evening. It was, perhaps, the soothing silence that had caused the speaker to forget his promises momentarily.

Moreover, the poem can be read as an allegory to a man’s journey towards his goal. On his way, several impediments in the form of difficulties or enticements await him to lead him astray. It’s only when he’s able to overcome all such barriers, he will be able to reach his destination.

In the poem, the speaker had "promises to keep.” At no cost, he should stop midway through his journey. But, the mesmerizing beauty and the peaceful ambience of the woods seduced him to prolong his journey.

While he was lost in reveling in the comforting splendor of the woods, his horse shook the harness bells.

He gives his harness bells a shake
To ask if there is some mistake

Figuratively, the harness bell can be interpreted as the voice of one's conscience. One always knows when one does something wrong. It is one's inner voice that alarms one against the improper or wrong decision one is about to make or has already made.

Prolonging his stay in the woods would be tantamount to giving in to the sensual enticements offered by the place. As soon as the traveler began to gratify himself, his conscience warned him by asking him “if there is some mistake.”

So, we see that on the surface level, the auditory image of the ringing of the harness bells accentuates the sense of silence pervading the woods. At the allegorical level, it indicates the inner voice of conscience that is always right.

How are Lieutenant Kotler and Father opposite with Bruno?

In John Boyne's The Boy in the Striped Pajamas, Lieutenant Kotler treats Bruno differently than Father does, even though they both seem to be fairly strict. First of all, Father loves Bruno because they are family; however, Lieutenant Kotler, who works under Father as a soldier, seems to act like a neighborhood bully toward him. For example, when Bruno is upset about the move from a lovely home in Berlin to a humble home in Auschwitz, Father listens respectfully to his concerns. Then Father says the following:

"Just settle into your new home and be good, that's all I ask. Accept the situation in which you find yourself and everything will be so much easier" (53).

In chapter 7, Bruno interacts for the first time with Lieutenant Kotler and goes away unimpressed. Kotler does not seem to be very mature for his status as a Lieutenant because he teases Bruno and won't give him straight answers. Also, when Kotler tells Pavel to assist Bruno with finding a tire for a swing, he condescendingly speaks with slurs and a harsh tone. Later on, in chapter 15, Kotler's teasing makes Bruno infuriated as follows: 

"Bruno narrowed his eyes and wished he were taller, stronger and eight years older . . . It was one thing, he decided to be told what to do by Mother and Father--that was perfectly reasonable and to be expected--but it was another thing enirely to be told what to do by someone else. Even by someone with a fancy title like 'Lieutenant'" (165).

As shown above, Lieutenant Kotler acts immaturely and like a bully with Bruno and other people; whereas his father, on the other hand, treats his son with dignity and respect even though he may also be strict. As a result, Bruno appreciates his father, but he does not appreciate Lieutenant Kotler.  

How many trusts were broken up by Teddy Roosevelt?

President Theodore Roosevelt was known as a President that broke up trusts. While he was President, 44 lawsuits were filed against big businesses. His successor, President Taft, filed 90 lawsuits against big businesses. Both presidents wanted to break up the trusts.

The most famous trust that was broken up by President Roosevelt was the one involving the Northern Securities Company. This company was created as a result of a big stock battle between J.P. Morgan, James Hill, and E.H. Harriman. This stock battle nearly sent the economy into a downward spiral. President Roosevelt believed that when businesses acted in their own self-interest and, as a result, put the interests of the country second, he would go after those businesses. J.P. Morgan wanted to settle this lawsuit without going to court. J.P. Morgan uttered the famous line about Roosevelt’s guys should meet with Morgan’s guys to settle this. However, this case went to court, and the Supreme Court ruled the Northern Securities Company had to be dissolved. President Roosevelt did go after big businesses while he was President.

What makes the voice of Dr. Manette pitiful and dreadful? To what name does Dr. Manette answer? Why does he associate himself with that name?

Long unused to speech after his years imprisoned in the Bastille, Doctor Manette’s voice is rough and pathetic, almost apologetic for daring to speak. While he responds to Defarge’s questioning, he supplies only the most basic information. He has dissociated his personality from what he was before his imprisonment to that of a lowly shoemaker. His only identification of himself as to a name is “One Hundred and Five North Tower,” the cell in which he had been imprisoned. This is similar to the identification of Jews in concentration camps only by the numbers tattooed on their arms. Neither Defarge (his old servant) or Mr. Lorry is able to reach through this dissociation. Only his daughter Lucie and her resemblance to his long dead wife, begin to crack Doctor Manette’s wall of protection. He knows that it cannot be his wife, being aware of the passage of time and the likelihood of his wife’s death. Eventually, after his return to England, does he become aware of his surroundings and his identity, but there are long years of memory that he never regains.

Is there a problem when hemoglobin is at 7?

Yes, a hemoglobin of 7 is low and cause for concern. A normal level of hemoglobin for men is in the 13.5-17.5 g/dl and for women is in the 12.0-15.5 g/dl. A hemoglobin of 7 would be below the normal range. 

Hemoglobin levels are determined by taking a blood test at a medical practitioner's office. Hemoglobin carries red blood cells throughout the body. When a person has a low hemoglobin, anemia may be present.  Anemia is a disorder that can be caused by low hemoglobin, vitamin B12 deficiency, cancer or malnutrition. Signs and symptoms of anemia include weakness, feeling very tired, fainting, shortness of breath, and enlarged spleen, known as splenomegaly. Splenomegaly can occur without a patient's knowledge and may be discovered upon physical exam. However, splenomegaly could result in a ruptured spleen which could lead to significant blood loss. Thus, if someone with anemia is found to have splenomegaly, contact sports should be avoided. 

Generally, anemia is diagnosed at or below 11 g/dl. A hemoglobin of 7 is significantly lower than the normal range. A low hemoglobin may be the result of severe illness such as cancer, leukemia, or other chronic illness. 

What is a quote that deals with good vs. evil in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird?

In Chapter 10, Atticus gives his children their air rifles and says,

"I’d rather you shot at tin cans in the back yard, but I know you’ll go after birds. Shoot all the bluejays you want, if you can hit ’em, but remember it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird" (Lee 57).

Atticus' directive to shoot all the bluejays they want as long as they do not kill any mockingbirds is a metaphor regarding "good vs. evil." Bluejays symbolically represent "evil." Bluejays are territorial birds which are considered a nuisance and are known to attack songbirds. The notorious Bob Ewell is symbolically represented as a bluejay throughout the novel. In contrast, mockingbirds are innocent beings who spread joy through their beautiful music. They symbolically represent "good" in Atticus' metaphor. Atticus encourages his children to respect innocent individuals and protect them from harm. The characters of Tom Robinson and Boo Radley symbolically represent mockingbirds. Atticus courageously defends Tom Robinson in front of a prejudiced jury, and Sheriff Tate refuses to force Boo Radley into the limelight following Boo's heroic actions. Jem and Scout learn the importance of distinguishing between good and evil, and how to respond to each by following Atticus' directive to shoot the bluejays, but not the mockingbirds.

How are vaporization and evaporation alike and different?

Vaporization is the process that turns a liquid into a gas.  Vaporization can occur in two ways:

1. Boiling


2. Evaporation

Evaporation is vaporization below the boiling point.  Furthermore, evaporation only occurs at the surface of a liquid.  That explain why evaporation will not cause bubbles to form.  

Conversely, boiling is vaporization throughout a liquid.  Because liquid is being turned into vapor at all parts of the liquid, the lower density vapor rises toward the surface.  That's why boiling liquids bubble.  

As for how vaporization and evaporation are similar, you can say that they both focus on a liquid changing into the vapor state.  

The difference between those two terms is bit more difficult.  I've illustrated the difference between boiling and evaporation.  One difference between vaporization and evaporation could be stated as follows.  Evaporation is always a form of vaporization, but vaporization isn't always evaporation.  Vaporization could be boiling.  It's kind of like saying that all Popes have been Catholic, but not all Catholics have been Popes. 

How does Jack Finny create suspense in Contents of the Dead Man's Pocket? Provide one detail that adds to the suspense.

Any story that features a person climbing out of a window onto the ledge of a high-rise building pretty much qualifies as suspenseful. Jack Finney, in his short story Contents of the Dead Man's Pocket, however, knows that creating suspense is one thing, while sustaining it is another. Finney is subtle in his narrative, injecting an element, albeit minor, of deception into his premise, with the story's protagonist, Tom, misleading his loving wife into believing that he seriously needs to spend the evening working on a project for work rather than accompany her to the movies (". . .it was not actually true that he had to work tonight, though he very much wanted to"). This deception, while minor in terms of considerations of marital fidelity, does help set the stage for the suspense that will follow when Tom, already described as hot despite the cool evening weather outside his window ("'Hot in here,' he muttered to himself"), opens said window to allow the cooler air into his apartment. It is, of course, this open window that provides the opportunity for the main element of suspense into which Tom blunders.

Once Tom's draft memo blows out the window and settles onto the ledge outside, and Tom decides to risk his life to retrieve it, Finney builds the suspense slowly but inexorably. First, however, Finney has Tom contemplate the nature of the task, with the character quickly assessing the level of danger involved in retrieving his paper:

"To simply go out and get his paper was an easy task--he could be back here with it in less than two minutes--and he knew he wasn't deceiving himself. The ledge, he saw, measuring it with his eye, was about as wide as the length of his shoe, and perfectly flat. And every fifth row of brick in the face of the building, he remembered--leaning out, he verified this--was indented half an inch, enough for the tips of his fingers, enough to maintain balance easily."

This, then, is how Finney establishes the real tension in his narrative. He has provided us with a sense of the paper's importance -- "For many seconds he believed he was going to abandon the yellow sheet, that there was nothing else to do. The work could be duplicated. But it would take two months, and the time to present this idea was now, for use in the spring displays" -- and now a description of the precipice upon which Tom would now descend. It is only once Tom has actually climbed out the apartment window and positioned himself precariously on the ledge below that the true sense of danger unfolds. Now, the risk has shifted from theoretical to practical. Tom has climbed out the window and now stands on the ledge:

"Now, balanced easily and firmly, he stood on the ledge outside in the slight, chill breeze, eleven stories above the street, staring into his own lighted apartment, odd and different-seeming now."

This passage occurs relatively early in Tom's foray outside his apartment on a cool, breezy big-city night. The element of suspense is now firmly established, and we are left with an agonizingly protracted description of Tom's continued actions and thoughts as he perilously inches closer to his objective.

Throughout Suzanne Collins' novel The Hunger Games, how does the protagonist, Katniss Everdeen, change?

In Suzanne Collins' novel The Hunger Games, the protagonist, Katniss Everdeen, undergoes a number of changes over the course of the story. 
 
At the beginning of the novel, Katniss is fearful and unsure of herself. While she illustrates bravery when she volunteers as tribute in place of her younger sister, Prim, she doesn't think she's going to survive and has little confidence in her abilities. She feels almost like she's a pawn in the Capitol's games and she's basically already accepted that she's most likely going to die. 
 
Before she takes the train to the Capitol, she pleads with her mother to take care of Prim. Katniss reminds her that she'll be the only one Prim has once she dies. On page 37, Katniss even says, "I can't win. Prim must know that in her heart. The competition will be far beyond my abilities" (Collins, 37).
 
However, once she's actually participating in the Games, Katniss is able to hold her own for a long time. She escapes the Careers by cutting down a tracker jacker nest but she's stung in the process and ends up blacking out. When she wakes up, she finds that Rue, a young tribute who reminds her of Prim, has tended to her wounds. Katniss takes a liking to her and the two form an alliance.
 
Things go well until Katniss and Rue decide to separate in order carry out a plan to blow up some of the Careers' food and supplies. After blowing up the food, Katniss is on her way back to their meeting spot when she hears Rue screaming her name. She finds Rue trapped in a net and before she can free her, a boy from District 1 plunges a spear into her. 
 
Katniss kills the boy and stays with Rue as she dies. Rue tells her that she has to win and Katniss responds, "'I'm going to. Going to win for both of us now,' I promise" (Collins, 230). At that moment, Katniss regains her will to fight, for both Rue and herself. She sings to Rue until she finally passes away and then covers her body in beautiful flowers, signifying a proper burial. Then, she salutes Rue with a "goodbye" gesture that's unique to District 12. 
 
By that point in the novel, Katniss has changed significantly. While she's still afraid, she's now angry. She no longer feels like she can afford to lose the Games and will do anything to come out on top for Rue. Though she's still technically a player in the Capitol's games, she rebels against them and everything they stand for by honoring another fallen tribute. 
 
She even says, "I want to do something, right here, right now, to shame them, to make them accountable, to show the Capitol that whatever they do or force us to do there is a part of every tribute they can't own. That Rue was more than a piece in their Games. And so am I" (Collins, 233-234). 
 
That said, Katniss is no longer the cynical, passive girl she was when the novel first started. Now, she's angry, determined, resilient, and most importantly, defiant.

Discuss the concept of predetermined destiny and how it relates to the story of Romeo and Juliet.

Predestination and fate are very similar in concept, so a reader could use the two terms almost interchangeably.  Many readers feel that Romeo and Juliet were fated/predestined to end up committing suicide together.  That idea isn't exactly a big secret in the play either. Shakespeare is always dropping hints that Romeo and Juliet are going to soon die.  Look at the opening prologue.  

A pair of star-cross'd lovers take their life;

Shakespeare flat out tells his audience that an in love couple is going to die.  

That sense of a predetermined destiny oozes throughout the play as well.  Before Romeo crashes the Capulet party he says this:

I fear, too early: for my mind misgives
Some consequence yet hanging in the stars
Shall bitterly begin his fearful date
With this night's revels and expire the term
Of a despised life closed in my breast
By some vile forfeit of untimely death.
But He, that hath the steerage of my course,
Direct my sail! On, lusty gentlemen.

In the above lines, Romeo is announcing that he has some misgiving feelings about the events that are about to be put into place.  It's almost like he can feel that he is being led down a path of destruction.  He feels like he is being "steered."  

Juliet isn't immune to dropping hints of her fated death either.  The first time that she sees Romeo, Juliet announces that her wedding bed will also be her deathbed.  

Go ask his name. The Nurse goes. If he be marrièd.
My grave is like to be my wedding bed.

This line works too for Juliet:

O God, I have an ill-divining soul!
Methinks I see thee, now thou art below,
As one dead in the bottom of a tomb.
Either my eyesight fails or thou look'st pale.

The above quotes are just some of the hints that Shakespeare continually drops throughout the play to emphasize the predetermined deaths of Romeo and Juliet.  It always amazes me that despite all of the hints at their deaths, audiences still are incredibly emotional when the deaths actually happen.  Audiences are still shocked that the two lovers died, despite the constant hinting.  

What is the tone of Romeo and Juliet?

Romeo and Juliet is arguably the most famous story in the English language, and so the tone can be hard to pin down since it is so universal. However, there are certain elements within Romeo and Juliet that really elucidate the tone of the play. I've listed some of these elements below:

1. 
   LOVE - The love between Romeo and Juliet is the central focus of the play.


2. 
   THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS - Romeo and Juliet both desire to pursue their romantic love, despite the wishes of their families, because it makes them happy.


3. 
   BETRAYAL - Romeo and Juliet both betray their families. 


4. 
   DEATH - Many deaths happen in the play, and they are mostly results of the family feud. 

Due to these elements, a person could argue that the tone of Romeo and Juliet is tragically romantic. The love between Romeo and Juliet is one of the most famous romance stories of all time, but this love is rushed and results in many tragic deaths. The combination of these two factors creates a tragically romantic tone. 

In "The World Is Flat," do you think Friedman presents a balanced and accurate assessment of the current and future situation? What are the key...

1. Do you think Friedman presents a balanced and accurate assessment of the current and future situation?

Friedman attempts to be balanced by describing the negative effects of globalization, including technology falling into the wrong hands (terrorists, etc.) and third-world countries without access to the technologies which would incorporate them into this new, flat world. He neglects, however, to mention the effects on the environment caused by technology, mass production, and disposal of hazardous substances which these technologies cause. He also does not consider in this book the fact that outsourcing can be the catalyst for exploitation of employees, sometimes children, when companies outsource to "cheap" countries with loose labor laws. Friedman in general shows many pros and cons to globalization, but is not completely accurate when he leaves certain things out.

2. What are the key assumptions he makes?

One of Friedman's major assumptions is that "anyone can do it." He interviews, almost exclusively, people with major entrepreneurial success stories or high-level executives of major technology companies. He is extremely optimistic, believing in an idealized edition of our world. He also assumes that anything labeled "free-market" is a positive thing, although there are examples in history of "free-market" ideas ending very poorly, and of technological advances made while their leaders refused to take a "free-market" stance, such as the Japanese company Toyota, which used to be a monopoly of sorts.

3. What kinds of evidence does he use for his arguments? 

Friedman uses ten "flatteners" to back up his arguments on globalization. These include the collapse of the Berlin Wall (which symbolized the end of the Cold War and coincided with the unveiling of the basic PC, which allowed people all over the world to communicate with one another), the inventions of Netscape, and workflow software, the abilities to upload original content, outsource and insource services, offshore manufacturing, supply chains, information services like Google and Wikipedia, and what he refers to as "steroids:" file sharing, wireless devices, MP3 music players, messaging, and the general digitization of previously analog services.

Why is The Boy in the Striped Pajamas a fable?

Fables are characterized by a short story format and narrative which conveys some moral lesson. Though John Boyne's novel, The Boy in the Striped Pajamas, is longer than most fables, the fact that it contains strong moral themes could push it into this genre. I would also argue that the story could be condensed down to its major plot points, creating a shorter narrative, while retaining the moral lessons.

The story itself is set in Germany during the Nazi regime. Nine-year-old Bruno and his family have just moved to a new place where he feels quite alone. One day while wandering outside, he finds a boy his very age sitting on the other side of a fence. It turns out that Bruno and his new friend Shmuel have quite a lot in common, but they are different in one major respect. Bruno is a free German boy and the son of a Nazi commandant, while Shmuel is a Jewish boy imprisoned in the Auschwitz camp. 

Their friendship offers some comfort but ultimately leads them both to death-- a strong warning about the evils of involving children in, or making them ignorant of, war. The focal point of the pajamas sends an equally strong message about not taking people at face value. When Bruno dons his friend's pajamas, did he instantly become a prisoner? Did he become something his father hated and sought to punish? Though the pajamas represent the different life circumstances the boys experience, they also symbolize the religious, social, and ethnic context of the Second World War.

Who does Marx say that the history of struggles is between? Give one specific example that he cites from The Communist Manifesto.

In the first chapter of the Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx writes that the history of struggles is between people of a different class. Specifically, this is a struggle between "the oppressed and the oppressing" and Marx provides several examples: "freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman." 

If we take one of these examples, like the lord and serf, we can put this into context. In the Middle Ages, a serf was a unfree peasant who lived and worked on his lord's land. Under the system of feudalism, the serf could not leave this land, could not marry without his lord's consent and had to dedicate much of his labour to producing food specifically for his lord's family. This, argues Marx, is an exploitative relationship because the serf is economically subservient to his lord. It is the lord who benefits from this relationship through his control of the means of production (the land) while the serf lives in bondage. 

Historically, feudalism began to decline in the 1400s, brought on by new economic conditions after the Black Death of 1348. As a result, serfdom died out but, according to Marx, the exploitation of workers continued, just under a new name. 

How does Janie redefine the American Dream and how is she successful in her pursuit of this dream?

The opening lines of Their Eyes Were Watching God point out the centrality of the motif of dreaming in the novel. Furthermore, they establish a difference between men's and women's dreams: while men's dreams are "mocked to death by Time," for women "the dream is the truth." Janie Crawford is indeed a dreamer, but also a very practical woman who achieves complete personal freedom, both as a female and as a human being who is the direct descendant of slavery. In this respect, Janie fulfills Nanny's impossible longing for happiness: "Ah was born back due in slavery so it wasn’t for me to fulfill my dreams of whut a woman oughta be and to do. Dat’s one of de hold-backs of slavery" (19). As opposed to Nanny, Janie has the possibility of overcoming her condition of a mere object, as she is considered by her first two husbands, and acquires a public voice and a personal independence unheard of at the time, especially in the case of a woman who is also black.

Hurston reverses in her novel the traditional notion of the "American Dream," which was restricted to white males who achieved material success in life through personal effort, as represented by Horatio Alger's myth of rising from "rags to riches" as exemplified by his Ragged Dick, protagonist of dozens of novels which meant to inspire 19th-century young working-class males to hard work and a decent behavior in order to escape poverty. Such version of the American Dream had no room for blacks, much less for black women. And that is precisely Hurston's radical claim, and also the reason why many black intellectuals in the 1930s, when it was first published, openly dismissed the novel, condemning it to oblivion for several decades.

In Antigone, what is to be the fate of anyone who does not obey Creon's decree?

In Antigone, Creon orders that the body of Polynices be left out to rot in the sun and be eaten by carrion and dogs.  He decrees that anyone who breaks this order and moves the body to give it a proper burial shall be put to death.  Creon sees Polynices as a traitor to Thebes, so he claims that traitors do not deserve a proper burial.  Antigone, however, decides to follow the laws of the gods so that her brother can enter into the afterlife.  She cannot move the body on her own, and no one will agree to help her (in the beginning of the play, she appeals to her sister Ismene for help), so Antigone gathers dirt and puts it over the body as a symbolic burial.  When Creon hears from his messengers that the body has been somewhat "buried," he is furious and orders that the person be found and brought to him.  Even when Creon finds out that Antigone is the guilty person, he still orders her death.

What is the major theme of The Pearl?

A major theme of The Pearl is that greed can ruin not only your own life, but the lives of those you love. Kino’s life prior to his finding of the pearl is one of contentment. His needs are few, and he finds joy in his wife and child in their modest brush hut. When he discovers the pearl, however, he immediately begins to want. He does not desire anything outlandish, just a rifle for himself, schooling for his child, clothes for his family, a proper wedding for his wife. It is not the amount that one craves, but the simple act of craving itself that is the undoing. His greed transitions from the things the pearl can buy to the pearl itself. He becomes violent toward his wife, knocking her down and kicking her when she tries to throw the pearl back into the ocean. He kills a man who is trying to steal the pearl from him. He loses his home, journeying toward the city to find someone who will give him more money for the pearl. Yet he never makes it, losing his son in the process. He returns home and rids himself of the pearl. The question remains: Has he lost all chance for happiness because of his past possession of the pearl? Is there any redemption for him?

Twenty students ride a school bus that has a mass of 2500 kg and moves with a speed of 4.25 meters per second. The driver has a mass of 75 kg. What...

Momentum is the product of mass and velocity of a system. The total mass of the system includes the mass of the bus, mass of twenty students and the mass of driver.

Total mass = 2500 + 20 x 125 + 75 = 5,075 kg

speed of the bus = 4.25 m/sec

Momentum of the moving bus system = total mass x speed 

 = 5075 kg x 4.25 m/sec = 21,568.75 kg m/sec

If 8 students get off the bus, the mass of the moving bus system reduces. To maintain the same momentum, the speed of the bus will have to be increased.

The new mass of the system = 2500 + (20-8) x 125 + 75 = 4,075 kg

New speed of the bus = original momentum/new mass 

= 21,568.75/4075 m/sec = 5.29 m/sec.

Hope this helps. 

In "The Road Not Taken," what does the traveler do when faced with a fork in the road?

When faced with a fork in the road, the traveler "look[s] down one as far as [he] could / To where it bent in the undergrowth" (lines 4-5). First, he checks one road out, noting that he cannot see very far down its path. Then, he decides to "[take] the other, as just as fair,/ And having perhaps the better claim,/ Because it was grassy and wanted wear" (6-8). So, he takes the second of the two roads, sort of arbitrarily. It seemed a little nicer, perhaps, because it was grassy, but he notes that "the passing there/ Had worn them really about the same,/ And both that morning equally lay/ In leaves no step had trodden black" (9-12). In other words, the same number of people have traveled each road because they were "worn [...] about the same" and "equally lay" in leaves that had not been walked on that day. 

He does, say, however, that when he is older, reminiscing about his life, he is going to tell people that "[he] took the [road] less traveled by/ And that has made all the difference" (19-20). So, although he takes a road that has been no less traveled (because they are equally traveled), he is going to tell people that one was less traveled and that he chose that one. In other words, he is going to lie.  Why? Because we all want to believe that we make unique choices that ultimately have value and shape our lives and give them meaning and direction. In the end, Frost seems to be saying that there really aren't unique choices but it is human nature to say that we have made them anyway. 

Of whose death is Frankenstein informed upon returning from his trip?

This question is a little vague as it could be referring to Victor returning home from the University of Ingolstadt in Germany, or it could mean when he returns to Ireland after spending time working in a laboratory on the Orkney Islands. 

If you are referring to the first instance, when Victor leaves school, he actually learns about the death of his brother William before he arrives home. It is the letter containing news of William's death that acts as the catalyst for making Victor return. The reader learns later that William was strangled by the creature Victor created; however, the murder is instead blamed on William's nanny, who is in turn sentenced to death.

If you are talking about Victor's return to Ireland, then it is Henry Clerval who is discovered dead. Henry was Victor's close friend and traveling companion, but they had separated while in Scotland so Victor could resume his work secretly. Like William, Henry was also murdered by the creature, but this time, the creature made sure that Victor would be blamed for the death. The court finds him innocent and he returns home to Geneva with his father. 

Why does Charlie refuse to make up stories about people in "Flowers for Algernon" by Daniel Keyes?

In "Flowers for Algernon" by Daniel Keyes, Charlie is given a Thematic Apperception Test in which the test proctor shows Charlie pictures and asks him to tell her a story about each one. Charlie sees this as lying, so he doesn't want to do it. He tells the proctor he cannot make up stories about people he has never met. He is also afraid because in the past he has gotten physically punished for lying, and he does not want that to happen again. Due to his mental disability, he cannot understand the difference between lying and making up stories. After the test, he feels as though he probably failed it just like he thought he failed the Rorshach Test a couple of days before. Charlie thinks the whole thing is "silly."

What is the central idea of poem "The Village Schoolmaster"?

The central idea of the poem is that the villagers respect the schoolmaster for his education.

The poem describes a small village school.  Most of the residents in the village do not have much education, but the schoolmaster knows a lot by their standards.  They are very impressed with him.  Both students and adults admire his knowledge.

The schoolmaster is strict but fair.  He is not described as a tyrant, although he clearly does punish students who deserve it. 

Yet he was kind; or if severe in aught,
The love he bore to learning was in fault.
The village all declar'd how much he knew...

Although he is stern and the entire schoolhouse knows when he is having a bad day, he also seems to be a pleasant fellow.  He tells a lot of jokes.  The students laugh even when they don’t think the jokes are funny.  After all, this man is their teacher!

The villagers are very impressed that this man can read and write, because many of them can’t.  They admire the fact that one man can know so much.

Amazed the gazing rustics rang'd around;
And still they gaz'd and still the wonder grew,
That one small head could carry all he knew.
But past is all his fame.

What is never in question is the schoolmaster's love of learning.  He inspires his pupils to feel the same.  Even though they are "rustics," they have a chance to get a good education because he has one and is passing it on to them.

The poem ends with a sense of nostalgia.  The last line of the poem says that the schoolhouse has been forgotten, or the teacher has.  As time marches on, teachers are replaced and students leave to other things.  

Still, in his day, the schoolmaster reigned supreme.  He ran his schoolhouse with efficiency and dedication.  He doesn’t seem to have lorded his knowledge over anyone, but the villagers admired and respected it.  They may not have thought it was necessary to know everything, but they valued it all the same.

Of course today, this kind of education no longer exists.  It is rare to find a one-room schoolhouse. There is no longer one person that the village all reveres, because the rural populace became more educated.  This is a good thing, but we all still find romance in the idea of a tiny village with a one-room schoolhouse that everyone in the village learns from.

What makes "Mending Wall" a poem?

Robert Frost's poem, "Mending Wall," is one of the representative of modern poetry, but not in the high-art sense of poets like T.S. Eliot. This is considered a poem because it tells a story with images and figurative language. Frost uses the wall as a metaphor for boundaries. The speaker doesn't understand why a wall has to separate him from his neighbor. The speaker wonders throughout the poem why the wall must be repaired, and uses images like elves and spells to try to explain the mystery of it all.

Frost uses inverted language like "Something there is that doesn't love a wall," which is a poetic device for aiding in the rhythm and pace of a poem. He uses metaphors saying that boulders are loaves--saying they are like loaves of bread. He uses repeated lines throughout the poem for emphasis. This text has no linear plot, which makes it a poem, rather than something like a short story.

In an earthquake, the point where the first movement of rock occurs and energy is released is the epicenter. True or false?

This statement is false. The point where the first movement of rocks occur and energy is released is known as the focus. This point is also known as the hypocenter. It is at this location that the stored energy is suddenly released deep within the Earth. This energy then travels to the Earth surface in the form of p-wave and s-waves. Focus is often confused (especially by media such as newspapers, etc.) with another earthquake related term- the epicenter. While focus is the point of origin of earthquake and is deep within the Earth, epicenter is actually a point on Earth's surface, directly above the focus. We can locate the epicenter of an earthquake, by using data from 3 different seismographic stations.

Hope this helps.  

What is the mood in the Prologue of Romeo and Juliet?

The prologue in Romeo and Juliet has been performed in dramatically different ways throughout history, but it cannot be denied that the prologue creates an ominous beginning that foreshadows the doom that will occur throughout the play. The mood is somber and grave, with the narrator proclaiming, "From ancient grudge break to new mutiny, / Where civil blood makes civil hands unclean" (Romeo and Juliet, I.I, 2-3). From the beginning, the audience and reader are aware the play will involve death, deception, and star-crossed lovers. Interestingly, the prologue foreshadows all of the events that will take place within Romeo and Juliet. While contemporary audiences are aware of the play's end, as it exists as common knowledge, even classical audiences would have been aware of the play's ending due to the prologue. This moody, foreboding beginning tells the audience that the plot is not what is important. Instead, the play's importance lies in the motivations, decisions, and flaws of its characters.

How does Atticus explain rape to Scout in To Kill a Mockingbird?

Atticus tells Scout that rape is carnal knowledge of a female without her consent.

The trial of Tom Robinson is a rape trial.  Robinson was accused to raping a white woman, Mayella Ewell.  Scout is a little young to know about sex, let alone rape.  She asks Calpurnia what rape is, and Cal tells her that she has to ask her father.

Scout does ask Atticus, and she does not understand his definition.

He sighed, and said rape was carnal knowledge of a female by force and without consent.

“Well if that’s all it is why did Calpurnia dry me up when I asked her what it was?” (Ch. 14)

Scout has no idea what “carnal knowledge of a female” means, and probably does not understand the concept of consent.  "Carnal knowledge" means sex, and "consent" means the woman’s permission.  Atticus gave Scout a very wordy definition of forcing a woman to have sex, although rape is more like a man forcing himself on a woman.  It was an evasive answer.

Atticus is usually a pretty honest parent, and explains even difficult concepts to his children.  The definition he gave is interesting, because he had earlier told Jack not to be evasive in answering a child’s questions.  Jack told Atticus that Scout asked him what a whore-lady was.  Atticus asked Jack if he told her the truth.

“No, I told her about Lord Melbourne.”

“Jack! When a child asks you something, answer him, for goodness’ sake. But don’t make a production of it. Children are children, but they can spot an evasion quicker than adults, and evasion simply muddles ‘em. …” (Ch. 9)

Atticus did not follow his own advice in answering Scout’s question about rape. Perhaps he decided that she simply was not ready for the answer, and it was okay for her to be muddled a little while longer.

The issue of children hearing about rape comes up again at the trial.  There is a request for women and children to leave, but Judge Taylor does not grant it.  He basically says that people who brought their children to a rape trial should have known what was going to be discussed.

What is the conflict of the story The Odyssey?

The Odyssey by Homer is an epic poem that tells the story of Odysseus' journey home. While there are many, many conflicts that happen throughout the story that covers 20 years, which is how long it took for Odysseus to get home after the Trojan War, the main conflict is Odysseus trying to get home. He is met with many obstacles and challenges that he must face and overcome, and there are conflicts within all of these, but the largest conflict is him trying to go home.

Some of the smaller conflicts or challenges that Odysseus faces throughout his journey are the monsters Scylla and Charybdis, the cyclops Polyphemus, and getting stuck on an island, as well as the wrath from multiple gods like Poseidon and Helios. When he does finally arrive home, he faces the large conflict of the suitors, who have taken over his house in his absence and have been trying to take his wife as well. Odysseus kills them all.

In spite of all the conflicts that Odysseus faces, he succeeds in arriving home to his wife and son after being gone for 20 years. He completes his odyssey. 

Use DeMoivre's Theorem to find the indicated power of the complex number. Write the result in standard form.

Given 

Let 

DeMoivre's Theorem

Evaluate the integral

Let's first evaluate the indefinite integral,using the method of integration by parts

applying again integration by parts,

adding a constant to the solution,

Now evaluate the definite integral,

How does Poe add tension to "The Pit and the Pendulum?" Use text examples to support your analysis.

One way that Poe is able to build tension in the "Pit in the Pendulum" is by making the narrator of the story the victim and protagonist of the story.  It's written in first person, so the reader only knows as much as the narrator.  Sadly, the narrator, and by consequence the reader, knows very little.  The vagueness and absence of detail is done by having the narrator swooning in and out of a stable state of mind.  For example, one minute he sees candles, the next he sees angels, and then everything fades out again.    

And then my vision fell upon the seven tall candles upon the table. At first they wore the aspect of charity, and seemed white slender angels who would save me; but then, all at once, there came a most deadly nausea over my spirit, and I felt every fibre in my frame thrill as if I had touched the wire of a galvanic battery, while the angel forms became meaningless spectres, with heads of flame, and I saw that from them there would be no help.

Soon after he passes out.  When he finally awakes, he's in a new, unfamiliar location.  Have you ever woken up in a new, unfamiliar place?  I have, and there is always that moment of panic that rises up inside of me.  Then my brain catches up.  For the reader, that is what Poe has done by having the narrator wake up in a new location.  To make matters worse, the darkness is so complete that it feels tight and oppressive.  

At length, with a wild desperation at heart, I quickly unclosed my eyes. My worst thoughts, then, were confirmed. The blackness of eternal night encompassed me. I struggled for breath. The intensity of the darkness seemed to oppress and stifle me. The atmosphere was intolerably close.

I went down into the Carlsbad caverns a few years ago.  The tour guide shut off all of the lights at one point.  Even though I knew where I was and that the lights were going to come back on in a minute or so, it was still very creepy.  The darkness was so complete, that it felt hard to breathe.  That's what Poe describes in the above lines of text.  The darkness creates tension, because deep down, people are afraid of the dark. 

Poe also uses repetition to create tension in the story.  He repeats certain words or phrases to build tension in the reader.  The best example, I believe, is when the pendulum is working its way down to the narrator.  

Down—steadily down it crept. . . Down—certainly, relentlessly down! . . . Down—still unceasingly—still inevitably down! 

Every time I read this story, I feel myself beginning to read faster and faster as Poe repeats the downward movement of the pendulum.  Part of my brain is always screaming "just get there already!" so that I can know what happens.  Poe narrates inches of movement over paragraphs of space, and the tension just builds and builds, because Poe doesn't immediately answer the reader's main question.  "Will he live or die?"  That sense of unknown is a huge tension builder and Poe is a master at crafting it. 

What are William Shakespeare's qualifications for writing Macbeth?

This is an interesting question. Shakespeare was a commoner, not a nobleman, and certainly not close to royalty, so what could he know about the ambitions of a person hoping to become a king? These were the kinds of questions that led, in the nineteenth century, to increasingly wild conjectures that Shakespeare must have been a pseudonym for a British nobleman such as the Earl of Oxford.  

However, sober scholarly voices believe that Shakespeare was Shakespeare, and if we accept the premise that a great writer can and does enter into the mind and consciousness of characters unlike himself, Shakespeare was superbly qualified to write Macbeth. This is one of his later plays, written in 1606, and follows a string of successes that go back more than two decades. More recently, he had such written plays about power and corruption as Hamlet, Othello, and King Lear. Few, if any, playwrights can brag of such a resume.

At the end of chapter one of Invisible Man, the protagonist dreams of an encounter between him and his grandfather. How should readers interpret...

“Son, after I’m gone I want you to keep up the good fight. I never told you but our life is a war and I have been a traitor all my born days, a spy in the enemy’s country ever since I give up my gun back in the Reconstruction. Live with your head in the lion’s mouth. I want you to overcome ‘em with yeses, undermine ‘em with grins, agree ‘em to death and destruction, let ‘em swoller you till they vomit or bust wide open.”

These words are spoken by the narrator’s grandfather on his death bed and continue to haunt the invisible man throughout the entire novel. This passage is crucial to understanding the purpose of the text, which is why Ellison has included these important words near the very beginning of the narrative. Not only is his grandfather preparing the narrator for a racially charged society, but also offers potential strategies for overcoming and fighting racial inequality. The narrator compares his conduct to his grandfather’s as “desirable,” but is made uncomfortable by the fact that his grandfather had termed their conduct “treachery.” Yet, the narrator was still “more afraid to act any other way because they didn’t like that at all” (17). This passage significantly reveals the racial strife present at the time in America, but also alludes to the idea of conformity at the expense of individualism.

This early in the novel, the narrator is unaware of the “tyranny” Emerson refers to as society. But, with a first-person narration, readers do not fully grasp the tyranny either, and are left to determine with the narrator the importance of his grandfather’s dying words. Though it seems that the narrator has been successful thus far, he is not yet entirely aware that he is analogous to a puppet being moved by strings. As much as Invisible Man is about race, it is also largely about individual identity. Ellison’s narrative is unique because he explores the difficulty faced in not only creating an identity, but forming an American identity as a person of color. Throughout the novel, those around the narrator attempt to thrust their ideals on him without allowing him to choose for himself. The narrator is under the illusion that he is “successful” if he acts the way white society expects him to. However, and it isn’t until later that the narrator cares, white society expects the narrator, representative of all African Americans, to assimilate to their culture at the expense of his own. This is further supported as the narrator gains self-awareness as emphasized by the yam scene. Eating the yams is associated with the narrator’s culture by stating that the taste brought him a surge of homesickness. It is at this pivotal moment that the narrator decides to be unashamed of his culture, or at least one aspect of it as he continues to transform as a character. The narrator confidently exclaims, “…to hell with being ashamed of what you liked. No more of that for me. I am what I am!” (266).

What does Mercutio say about Tybalt's style of fighting?

Mercutio says about Tybalt's style of fighting that his "fiddlestick" will "make [Tybalt] dance," and that Tybalt is "a dog, a rat, a mouse, a cat, to
scratch a man to death! a braggart, a rogue, a villain, that fights by the book of arithmetic!" (III.1).

Most "modern" translations say that "fights by the book of arithmetic" simply means that Tybalt "fights without inspiration, but merely by the book." Scholars of swordplay, however, have a more interesting explanation.

There are two main schools of fencing: Italian (adapted to English and known as the classical school), and Spanish. English gentlemen (i.e., Shakespeare's audience) thought the Spanish style barbarous and ungentlemanly. (Of course, the characters in the play are Italian, and would thus have the same assumptions about fencing schools as Shakespeare's audience.) Almost all of the characters in the play (except for old Capulet, who asks for someone to bring him his "long sword," an antiquated weapon) fight with rapiers and they use the Italian style.

The Italian style consists of low stances with the rapier held low and withdrawn a bit. They are primarily linear in their movements--darting in and out--and try to deliver a solid stab then withdraw out of range. This is how Mercutio is fighting.

The Spanish style had a far more creative approach, using short stances and moving a lot to different angles. Some of their swordplay books actually map out the preferred angles of attack and how to get there most effectively (hence, "by the book of arithmetic"). Compared to their Italian-fencing opponents, they looked like they were "dancing," which Mercutio uses as an insult. Another important aspect of this style is that the arm is held almost at full length, keeping the point of the rapier in the opponent's face.

The difference explains how Tybalt kills Mercutio, too. As Mercutio had just delivered his stab attempt and Romeo came between the two, he would have to withdraw his rapier for another stab attempt. But Tybalt, having his sword at face level, has trained to flip his wrist to quickly recover his blade (to that position) when it is parried, which means his jab was probably an automatic (trained) movement. It also explains why Mercutio says that the cut that kills him is "a scratch," that it isn't a very deep cut, but "'twill serve."

Understand also that the difference in fencing styles was a clue to Shakespeare's audience that Tybalt was a barbarian, an ungentlemanly cur. Also, such a swordfight would look really cool on stage.

In the novel, The Call of the Wild, what is Judge Miller's relationship with Buck?

Judge Miller was Buck’s first owner.  He lived in a big house in Santa Clara Valley, California.  Buck,

“….ruled the estate. Here he was born, and here he had lived the four years of his life" (London 6).

The judge had house dogs and kennel dogs, but Buck ran the whole place. 

“...[Buck] was king, -- king over all creeping, crawling, flying things of Judge Miller's place, humans included" (London 6).

Buck was very close to the family.  He would swim and hunt with the boys, take long walks with the girls, and keep the Judge company by the library fire.

The gold rush in Alaska had increased the demand for large dogs capable of pulling dog sleds. Buck was a large dog, one hundred and forty pounds, and he would make an excellent sled dog.  The Judge’s greedy gardener, Manuel,  recognized that fact and decided to kidnap the dog and sell him.

The day Buck disappeared, the Judge was at a meeting, and the boys were at a club. Manuel took Buck out for an evening walk. He took Buck to a train station where he met a man who paid him $100 for the dog. After a train ride, Buck was taken to a small saloon. His brass collar was cut off. Without that collar, no one would know that he belonged to the Judge. That night, when the shed door rattled, Buck would expect to see the faces of either the Judge or the boys, but no one came to his rescue.  He would never see the Judge again.

Using the Banker’s Direct Statement of Cash Flows a) What is the most important measure? Why? b) What...

Statement of cash flows is important in determining the financial health of an enterprise by evaluating and determining the entity’s ability to increase value for its shareholders and to fulfill its financial obligations to third parties. Cash flows also show the ability of an enterprise to withstand economical downturns and remain solvent. The enterprise is not only required to generate revenues but also ensure that the cash flows in and out of the business are managed adequately.

A statement of cash flows may be analyzed based on a several measures, with each measure offering different information. The operating cash flow/sales ratio and the free cash flow/operating cash flow ratio are the first two measures you would rely on. They measure important indicators related to cash flow (which is the cash available to readily pay any day's operating and debt obligations and which is different from income).

Operating cash flow provides insights into the company’s operations and use of cash. Operating cash flow shows that the business can effectively perform daily operation activities and still provide growth and that the business has the ability to avoid excessive borrowing for operating costs. Operating cash flow (OCF) is calculated as the adjustment of net income for relevant operating costs such as increased inventory, increase or reduction in accounts receivable (which is unpaid sales revenue) and depreciation. 

Free cash flow represents the company's cash available after maintaining and expanding its asset base. Free cash flow is the cash that can be translated into increased value for the shareholders through the potential for acquisitions and new products while maintaining the ability to pay off creditors and to keep up stable dividend payouts. Free cash flow is calculated as net operating cash flows (NOCF) minus capital expenditures (investments) (CAPEX).