What is science? How does science work?

Science, in simplest terms, is a systematic study of processes and events around us. Anything and everything that happens around us, and in the universe, has some underlying mechanism and science helps us understand why it happens. Science enables us to not only understand a particular event, but also to predict similar events. Thus, we garner knowledge and information about our surrounding and universe. 

Science uses observation and experimentation to develop hypotheses and test them. In general, scientists observe an event or process and come up with a reasonable and testable hypothesis. That hypothesis is then tested through experimentation (whether in the laboratory or out there in the field, etc.). Based on the experimentation results, scientists accept modify or reject a hypothesis. This process goes on and on, till enough supporting evidence is collected to form a scientific theory. 

Hope this helps. 

Why doesn't anyone in the village help the rider from the chateau in A Tale of Two Cities?

The rider gets no help because no one wants to aid the aristocrats.

The French Revolution was an intense class struggle.  The peasants had been mistreated and taken advantage of for years, and they were sick of it.  To them, the wealthy aristocrats were fed off of the fruits of their labor and they got nothing in return.

When there is a fire at the chateau, you can see why the Marquis would not have the villagers’ sympathy.  Good riddance to the aristocrat, as far as they are concerned.  He has never lifted one finger to help them, instead taxing them into extreme poverty.  Thus the "rider" from the chateau gets no help when he desperately asks for it.

At the gate, a group of officers were looking at the fire; removed from them, a group of soldiers. "Help, gentlemen—officers! The chateau is on fire; valuable objects may be saved from the flames by timely aid! Help, help!" The officers looked towards the soldiers who looked at the fire; gave no orders; and answered, with shrugs and biting of lips, "It must burn." (Book 2, Ch. 23)

Note that he is concerned about “valuable objects.”  Sure, save the property.  None of the villagers have any valuable property.  Monseigneur took everything they had and left them next to nothing.  They can get at least some small satisfaction in his destruction.

Gabelle was just doing his job.  Although he was the collector of the hated rents and taxes, the village was in his care.  He was basically a middle-man.  To the revolutionaries, he was also not much more than a pseudo-aristocrat.  He did the Marquis' bidding.

Revolutions do not start overnight.  It takes a series of abuses that make people believe that they have nothing to lose, and everything to gain, from ousting those in power.  Dickens is careful in portraying the nuances of why there was a revolution, as well as the atrocities of the revolution itself.

Of The Neighbors Who Decides To Go To The Trial

The trial of Tom Robinson turns out to be a whole county affair. There seems to be what one might call a parade as people from all over Maycomb arrive to watch the proceedings. Jem gives Dill a brief summary of everyone he knows who might be worth mentioning as they all pass by on horses and in wagons. Scout explains Jem's chronicles in the following passage:

"As the county went by us, Jem gave Dill the histories and general attitudes of the more prominent figures: Mr. Tensaw Jones voted the straight Prohibition ticket; Miss Emily Davis dipped snuff in private; Mr. Byron Waller could play the violin; Mr. Jake Slade was cutting his third set of teeth" (159).

Before the afore-mentioned exposition, Jem also mentions Mr. Dolphus Raymond who is the father of mixed race children and X Billups who are also headed to the courthouse. But of the neighbors who live closer to the Finches, and those the reader might be more familiar, the children discover Miss Stephanie Crawford going to watch the trial, along with the Cunninghams (some of whom are on the jury), and the Ewells, of course, who are the Plaintiffs. Mr. Avery, Mr. Nathan Radley, Miss Maudie, Calpurnia, and Aunt Alexandra do not go to the trial.

How is culture communicated?

Have you ever heard the phrase, "Monkey see, monkey do?" Although humans aren't monkeys, this phrase applies very well to our process of learning culture. Culture is kind of hard to define, but Anthropologists like to say that anything humans do that isn't biology (eating, drinking, sleeping, and reproducing) is culture. Culture is made up of language, food practices, art, beliefs about the world, styles of communication, architecture, bodily adornment, a collective history, gender and age roles, and so on. Culture may be communicated both implicitly and explicitly. As we grow up, we go through the process of enculturation, meaning we learn our culture from the people around us. Sometimes these cultural lessons may be very explicitly communicated, such as when a parent teaches a child table manners. Other times, it's quite implicit, like learning how to interact in a particular social situation based on observations of how others are behaving. 

At any point in our lives, we may also experience acculturation on the micro or macro scale. Acculturation is a process were we learn another's culture. On the micro scale, if a friend teaches you how to make a traditional family dish, you're learning a part of your friend's culture. On the macro scale, an entire culture may learn something about another—consider the popularity of Mexican food in the United States. Acculturation is different from assimilation because it's not an active attempt to make one element of an "outside" culture fit neatly into a new, "inside" culture. Of course, assimilation involves learning a new culture through acculturation. 

With that in mind, there's really very few things humans do that don't communicate culture because it makes up such a large, integral part of our lives. We create and re-create our culture through our actions, our speech, the food we eat, the homes we live in, and especially the media we engage with.

What are the Articles of Confederation?

After the Revolutionary War ended, the United States needed to develop a plan of government. The Articles of Confederation was the first plan of government we had after the Revolutionary War.

Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress made the laws. Each state had one vote in Congress. However, because the people were afraid of a strong federal government, the power of Congress was limited. For example, Congress couldn’t levy taxes or control trade.

A three-person executive branch ran the executive branch created under the Articles of Confederation. The people limited the power of the executive branch because they were afraid of one person having too much power.

While the Articles of Confederation was designed to be a weak form government, it did have some successes. The Land Ordinance of 1785 was an excellent way to divide the western land and sell it. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 was a good way to establish a process of how territories would become states.

Unfortunately, by creating a weak federal government, many problems developed. There were financial issues. The government had a hard time paying its debts because it couldn’t tax its citizens. Also, because both the state government and the federal government printed money, people weren’t confident in the value of the paper money. Another issue was the lack of a court system. The states had no place to take their disputes. Finally, because the federal government couldn’t make people join the army, there was little the federal government could do when other countries interfered with our trade or created border disputes.

These weaknesses led people to decide to meet in Philadelphia in 1787 to discuss writing a new plan of government. That meeting, known as the Constitutional Convention, led to the development our current plan of government, which is called the Constitution.

The Articles of Confederation was our first plan of government after the Revolutionary War ended.

Who are the "mockingbirds" in To Kill a Mockingbird?

If you're looking for quotes about the "mockingbirds" of To Kill a Mockingbird, visit the quotes about the mistreatment or virtue of Boo Radley, Tom Robinson, Dill, or any other innocent character who has unjustly suffered because of the evils of the world.

For example, Boo Radley is an honest soul who has become a recluse because of the mistreatment he has suffered in life. Tom Robinson is much the same because of the color of his skin. While Tom is physically handicapped, Boo is socially handicapped. Dill is only a child who has already suffered the consequences of not knowing his biological father, and becoming a bit of a lost child as a result.

In short, a mockingbird is any character that has unfairly suffered. A mockingbird is a harmless and fragile animal. To kill it is heinous, but the world does just that to human beings of the same nature.

How do the animals in Animal Farm react to major's song? (Key verb must start with u)

In the first chapter of George Orwell's Animal Farm, Old Major (who symbolizes Karl Marx and, to a lesser extent, Vladimir Lenin) spends his final days exhorting the animals on Manor Farm to rebel against the humans who have oppressed them (specifically, the farmer Mr. Jones) and obtain a "perfect comradeship" with their fellow animals.

Old Major also teaches the animals an anthem for the coming revolution: "Beasts of England." This song depicts the utopia which will supposedly occur after the animals rebel against the humans. Old Major's song unites the animals (much as the "Internationale" served as the rallying anthem for the Communist revolution in Russia). Old Major soon dies, but the unification which "Beasts of England" inspired enables the animals to revolt against Jones and the oppression of Manor Farm. Unfortunately, as the animals would later learn, oppression can come from other animals, too.

Explain the scene in detail when George gets mistaken over the time of day.

This incident is retold in Chapter XI of Three Men in a Boat. The narrator and George wake up early but don’t feel like getting up. The situation reminds George of a foggy night when his watch stopped and he didn’t know what time it was. When he woke up, he saw that the hands on his watch were set at “quarter-past eight.” George believed his watch and assumed that he would be late to get to work at nine o’clock. He threw the watch down and got ready for work. The watch evidently started working again. But George found it strange that no one else in the house had gotten up for breakfast. And when he went out on the dark and gloomy street, no one else was there either, even though his watch now said it was close to nine o’clock. He stopped to ask a policeman what the problem was, and they both heard a nearby clock strike three. It turned out to be three o’clock in the morning. George went back home but wasn’t comfortable with any action he chose: going back to bed, going for another walk, getting the fire lit, starting breakfast, etc. So he just sat back in a corner in his overcoat until his landlady got up and made breakfast.

Explain how Mrs. Murry knows that Meg and her brother are very smart in A Wrinkle in Time.

Mrs. Murry knows that Meg and Charles Wallace are very smart because she and Mr. Murry gave them IQ tests before Mr. Murry disappeared. This is important for Meg to know: the local community thinks she and Charles Wallace are "dumb" because they are different. 

Meg tells her father that she doesn't want Charles Wallace to end up "dumb like me." She also wonders, when her father assures her she is smart, if he thinks so just because he loves her. He assures that is not so and that the parents have tested her. She then remembers games her parents played with her that must have been IQ tests.

However, when she asks her father for specifics about what her IQ is, he won't tell her. He does let her know that she and Charles Wallace are smart enough to "do pretty much whatever you like when you grow up." 

Because Charles Wallace has blossomed since her father disappeared, Meg believes what her father said. 

What is any form of water that falls from clouds called?

Any form of water that falls from the clouds is known as precipitation. There are several forms of precipitation including rain, snow, hail and sleet. Depending on the geographic region and climatic conditions, any of these forms of precipitation may take place. Generally, rainfall is the more common form of precipitation. 

Precipitation is one of the chief processes comprising the hydrologic (or water) cycle. The total amount of water on Earth is fixed; it simply rotates through various processes, forming the water cycle. The water that is precipitated reaches the surface of Earth and ultimately makes it to surface or ground water bodies. The evaporation of water takes place from surface water bodies and the condensation of this water results in the formation of clouds. From there, the precipitation brings this water back to Earth's surface, thus completing the entire water cycle. 

Hope this helps. 

What kind of diction dominates the first chapter in the text of Of Mice and Men? I don't understand how one can describe the diction of a text.

Diction is defined as the word choices, writing style, and techniques the author uses with narration and dialogue. In terms of narration, Steinbeck uses a limited third-person narrator. The narrator sticks to describing the setting, the landscape, and the outward appearances of George and Lennie. Steinbeck allows these surface descriptions to supplement the dialogue. The novel (novella) is therefore like a play in that it is composed mostly of setting and dialogue. 

In terms of the diction of the dialogue, Steinbeck has George and Lennie use a lot of slang and idiomatic language. This is to make the dialogue realistic. The story falls into the Realist and/or Naturalist categories because it attempts to paint a realistic picture of the lives of itinerant ranchers of this historical period and because it focuses on how the characters are at the mercy of their environment. 

The diction of the dialogue is plain language: how people would have spoken in this cultural environment and period in history. It is what these men would have sounded like at that time. Steinbeck does this to give the dialogue sincerity and a sense of being genuine. So, the diction really breaks down into this limited third-person narration and the Realist, genuine dialogue. 

Who is the protagonist of The Great Gatsby?

Your question is a complicated one since we, the readers, only see what our narrator, Nick Carraway, relays for us. Our perception of the characters is filtered through Nick's own bias and judgement. So if we ask who the protagonist of the novel is according to Nick, we could say confidently that it is Jay Gatsby. Nick admires Gatsby for his audacity and his dreams. He knows by the end of the story that Gatsby is a fraud named Gatz who made his money through bootlegging and illegal gambling, but despite all that he finds himself impressed by his neighbor's relentless and exuberant determination in pursuing his dream of rekindling his five-year-old relationship with Daisy Buchanan. As Nick writes:

If personality is an unbroken series of successful gestures, then there was something gorgeous about him, some heightened sensitivity to the promises of life.… [Gatsby had] an extraordinary gift for hope, a romantic readiness such as I have never found in any other person and which it is not likely I shall ever find again.

In fact, Gatsby comes to represent, in Nick's mind, the American Dream itself. Nick writes:

Gatsby believed in the green light, the orgastic future that year by year recedes before us.… Tomorrow we will run faster, stretch out our arms farther.… 

While Nick tells the tale, so that we might think of him as the protagonist, he focuses his spotlight on Gatsby, backing most of his [Nick's] own story out, telling it, usually, in quick summaries or through suggestive, fragmented hints. Gatsby is the figure who has captured his imagination. It is for Gatsby that Nick's prose soars to lyrical levels. For Nick, and perhaps also for the reader, all the other character's pale against pink-suited Gatsby's romantic tragedy, and the collapse of his oversized dreams. 

Arrange O, F, and S in order of increasing atomic radius. Explain using the following terms: shielding, nuclear charge, attraction, atomic radius?

The atomic radius of an atom is the distance between the nucleus of an atom to its outermost electron. Atomic radius is an example of a periodic trend. Periodic trends are patterns of properties that can be found on the periodic table. Periodic trends enable us to predict certain properties of elements based upon their location on the periodic table. 

The Atomic Radius Trend Across Periods:

• Atomic radius tends to decrease as you move from left to right across a period (row) on the periodic table. As you move from left to right across the periodic table, the number of positively charged protons in the nucleus increases.This causes the overall positive charge of the nucleus to increase.


• At the same time, the number of negatively charged electrons also increases as you move from left to right across the periodic table. When electrons are added to elements in the same period, they are all added to the same energy level.  


• As the nuclear charge increases, the attraction between the positively charged nucleus and the negtively charged electrons increases.


• The atomic radius gets smaller because the nucleus is able "pull" the electrons in tighter. 


• Therefore, since O is located to the left of F in the same period on the periodic table, we can predict that O will have a larger atomic radius than F.

The Atomic Radius Trend Down Groups:

• Atomic radius tends to increase as you move from top to bottom down a group (column) on the periodic table.


• As you move down a group on the periodic table, the number of positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons increases; however, the valence electrons are added to different energy levels farther away from the nucleus. This means that the atom's negatively charged valence electrons will be less attracted to the positively charged nucleus. The farther an electron is from the nucleus, the lower the attraction of the nucleus for the electron.


• At the same time, there are more electrons present between the nucleus and the valence electrons. The presence of other electrons between the nucleus and the valence electrons, "shields" the valence electrons from the pull of the positively charged nucleus. Because of this, the positively charged nucleus has less attraction for the valence electrons. 


• Therefore, since S is located below O in the same group on the periodic table, we can predict that S will have a larger atomic radius than O.

Based on our understanding of atomic radius periodic trends, and the relative location of S, O, and F on the periodic table, we can predict that the correct order of these elements based on increasing atomic radius is: F, O, S.

How would I cite this quote from The Crucible? "You think it God’s work you should never lose a child, nor a grandchild either, and I bury...

First, in an essay, you'll need to introduce the quotation by indicating both who said it and when.  Then, you will need to transcribe it word for word, including all the punctuation, placing the entire quotation in double quotation marks.  Then, after the quotation, you would place the author's last name and page number where you find the quotation in parentheses, followed by a period.  Finally, you should then spend a few sentences explaining what the quotation means and analyzing it in order to show how it helps to support whatever claim you are making in your essay.

It might look something like this:

Mrs. Putnam, growing more and more frustrated and desperate in her search to find a reason for the deaths of her seven children, confronts Rebecca Nurse with some suspicion because of Rebecca's incredible luck in childbearing.  Mrs. Putnam says, "You think it God’s work you should never lose a child, nor a grandchild either, and I bury all but one?  There are wheels within wheels in this village, and fires within fires!" (Miller 28).  It doesn't make sense to her that she should lose so many children and someone else should be lucky enough to lose none.  Why would God seek to punish her in this way?  She believes that He would not because such a punishment would be unjustified.  Therefore, she comes to the conclusion that it must be the Devil's fault -- his and anyone who works for him -- that she has lost so many babies.  She believes that there must be those who work for the Devil, i.e. witches, living in Salem, and she faults them for her terrible misfortune.

What is a possible theme in "Roadways" by John Masefield?

The theme of a written piece is its implied message or meaning. Therefore a thematic statement generally states the author’s message and can include feelings about that message. An appropriate theme statement for John Masefield’s poem “Roadways” could be, different people find their God-given way in life by following different avenues. In the case of this poem, Masefield explains that for some their “roadways” lead to different cities by land. But, for the subject of the poem he is meant to find the meaning in his life by following his penchant for sea travel. He travels in all directions by sailing seas. For him, the sea is his roadway. As the poem states, for some sea voyages bring them back home but for him the sea is taking him “In quest of that one beauty, God put me here to find.”

What was Walter Scott's approach and what were the literary devices he used while writing his novel Ivanhoe? How did he make it interesting to his...

Walter Scott published Ivanhoe in 1820, partly in response to debates concerning the Habeas Corpus Suspension acts of 1817 and 1818 and the debates of the repeal of the Test and Corporation acts and Reform. The early part of the nineteenth century in which Scott was writing was one in which the United Kingdom was gradually allowing greater freedom of religion, extending the franchise, and increasing civil liberties, and Scott himself, as one of a group known as the Scottish "Moderates" generally favored such freedoms. One consistent theme in the novel is the way many of the Normans treated the Saxons unjustly, a theme that echoes his concerns about prejudice in his own period. This theme is expressed in the following lines:

The royal policy had long been to weaken, by every means, legal or illegal, the strength of a part of the population which was justly considered as nourishing the most inveterate antipathy to their victor.

Like many of Scott's other works, Ivanhoe is an historical novel or romance, set in the middle ages. A central literary device is the way it uses simile and allegory to reflect on contemporary issues by looking at parallel debates in the distant past. He uses archaic language at points to give an historical flavor to dialogue. 

Scott's approach to the historical novel, which he explains in his Preface, is to blend real historical events with fictional characters, using fictional scaffolding to try to reconstruct the thoughts and feelings of people in the distant past by means of a combination of research and imagination.

The story holds the interest of its readers by the exotic period setting, the romantic portrait of chivalry, constant action and suspense, and the perils suffered by sympathetic characters. 

How do the men react to Granny's asking them to stop filming in "Blues Ain't No Mockin Bird" ?

When Granny tells the men filming the yard that she does not want them to do so, the two men back out of the yard, but the camera man continues filming, even when she asks that they turn off the camera.

After Granny backs the men out of her yard, the one without the camera speaks to her in a patronizing tone, calling her "Aunty" and saying that they would like a statement from her. In short, they are completely disrespectful to Granny in with their intrusion upon private property, then in their refusal to leave and to stop filming, and most of all, by the one man's audacious assumption that Granny will give him "a statement."

It is not until Granddaddy Cain, who is "tall and quiet like a king," arrives that the camera man and the other finally leave. Even so, they sneak up behind him with the camera filming until the hawk comes darting and diving as it tries to free its mate that Granddaddy has nailed to the shed. Then, the camera man has to duck and twist to avoid contact with the bird. Finally, Granddaddy holds out his hand for the camera and crushes it, ending all issues. 

Who is the speaker? To whom is the speech made? What is the poem's rhyme scheme?

The poem consists of 4 stanzas.  Each stanza is written in ABAAB rhyme scheme.  That means that lines 1, 3, and 4 rhyme with each other, and lines 2 and 5 rhyme with each other.  

As for the speaker and the audience, it's open to interpretation.  

Some readers think that Frost himself is the speaker, while other readers think that the speaker is a faceless, philosophical unknown.  It doesn't matter either way to me, because the topic and theme of the poem doesn't change depending on who the speaker is.  The poem brings up universal truths about decision making, and who speaks them doesn't change their validity.  

I do not think the poem is addressed to any one, specific individual.  I also don't think that it has an intended group audience.  I think the speaker is simply voicing his thoughts "out loud."  I talk to myself all the time.  My wife likes to make fun of me for it.  But for some reason, the act of voicing my thoughts helps bring clarity to what is on my mind.  I think the poem's speaker is doing the same thing with his poem.  He is giving very specific thoughts and feedback on the nature of decisions and consequences.  He's not doing it for anybody other than himself. 

Who is the founder of psychology?

Wilhelm Wundt is traditionally considered to be the father of modern psychology. Prior to Wundt, psychology was understood to be a branch of philosophy. Questions about the nature of mind had been considered as purely philosophical inquiries. There are numerous theories of mind, dating back to ancient Egypt and earlier.

Wundt was the first person to apply an experimental method to questions of mind. He believed that he could discover something about the workings of the mind not by logical deduction or philosophical musing, but by placing people in a controlled laboratory setting and observing their behavior. Wundt used specific protocols when studying his subjects, and even created special lab equipment (timers, motion sensors, etc.) to capture psychological data. 

Wundt founded the first graduate psychology program in 1879 at the University of Leipzig in Germany. There, he taught the first cadre of graduate students the unique methods and protocols of experimental psychology. 

Which of O'Henry's short stories include the same theme or are comparable? Do you know any short stories that are by the same author which have...

Two stories of O. Henry that share a common theme are "The Last Leaf" and "A Retrieved Reformation." This theme is one that illustrates the power of unselfish love.

In "The Last Leaf" two people who live in Greenwich Village, home to aspiring artists, Sue and Mr. Behrman, love Johnsy who has contracted pneumonia in the New York winter and begins to lose her will to live. When  the bedridden and ailing Johnsy tells Sue that like the falling ivy leaves outside her window, when the last one falls she "must go, too," Sue tells her friend that she must draw in this room where the light is good. She makes Johnsy promise that she will keep her eyes closed until she is finished. While Johnsy lies quietly, Sue rushes downstairs to speak with old Mr. Behrman, another painter, who is "a failure." Because he has never painted his "masterpiece," he earns a little money modeling, so Sue asks him to model for her.

Sue also tells Behrman of Johnsy's foolish fancy; Behrman becomes angered,

"Gott! dis is not any blace in which one so goot as Miss Yohnsy shall lie sick."

He accompanies Sue upstairs and looks at Johnsy for whom he has great tenderness. Secretly that night Mr. Behrman paints a leaf on the window by climbing a ladder in the cold and wet outdoors. So, when Johnsy awakens the next day and she sees the leaf still in place, her perspective of the tenacity of the leaf motivates her to get well, and she searches within herself for the mental strength to return to health. However, Mr. Behrman's "masterpiece" of love painted in the wretched cold, gives him pneumonia. Unfortunately, the old man dies as a result of his love for another.

While Behrman's love transforms Johnsy, Jimmy Valentine's unselfish love for Annabel Adams transforms his life, and, like Behrman, Jimmy risks his own safety in a heroic act of love.

Having been released from prison for bank robberies, Valentine resumes his former life of crime until he comes to a small town in Arkansas to break a new safe being installed in the local bank. While he waits on the installment of this safe, Valentine enters the bank and sees the lovely daughter of the bank's owner. 

Jimmy Valentine looked into her eyes, forgot what he was, and became another man.

After falling in love with Annabel, Valentine assumes a new identity with the intention of leaving his life of crime behind him. He opens a shoe store and has a good business. Further, he decides to give away his professional tools and plans to meet a former associate in Little Rock with his "kit of tools." However, when he accompanies the Adams family to the bank where they are to inspect the new safe, one of the little girls of the family shuts another child in the vault, "in a spirit of play," not realizing the import of what she does. Since the safe is on a timer, no one can open it. Annabel looks at her fiance and asks if he can do something.

He looked at her with a queer, soft smile on his lips and in his keen eyes.
"Annabel," he said, give me that rose you are wearing, will you?"

Jimmy--now known as Ralph--realizes that if he opens the safe, his criminal past will be exposed. But, he loves Annabel and the little relative is in danger, so he sacrifices his chances of marrying Annabel and cracks the safe with the tools that, ironically, he has with him.

As Valentine walks out of the bank after rescuing the little girl, a detective, who has watched the entire operation stands in the doorway. Since he is the detective who arrested Jimmy years ago, Valentine resigns himself to his immediate arrest. However, Detective Ben Price says he does not know him, and lets him pass.

So, in both stories two characters act selfishly out of love for another. Valentine is rewarded by being freed from a life of crime; Behrman has finally created "his masterpiece" with the ivy leaf that saves Johnsy.

From what point of view is "Night" by Elie Wiesel written?

Night by Elie Wiesel is written in the first person point of view. You can tell because Elie is the narrator and uses the pronoun "I" to tell his story. Most novels are written in either first person or third person. In third person, you will not see the pronoun "I" unless it is in dialogue. Instead you will see names of people. For example, if Night were written in third person instead of first, the third paragraph on the first page would look something like this:

"Eliezar got to know him toward the end of 1941. Elie was twelve. He believed profoundly. During the day he studied the Talmud, and at night Elie ran to the synagogue to weep over the destruction of the Temple." (Wiesel 1)

When I change from first person to third person point of view, I change "I" to "Eliezar," "Elie," and "he." Though highly unusual in literature, once in awhile, you may also read something in second person. Second person is speaking directly to the reader, and the pronoun used to indicate that is "you."

Why did Black Beauty's master send him to the neighbor's meadow?

In Chapter 3, "My Breaking In," Black Beauty describes how his master decides to break him in after Squire Gordon comes to visit him and decides that he will take Black Beauty after the horse is broken in. After Black Beauty gets used to his bit, bridle, saddle, shoes, and other equipment, his master sends him to a neighbor's meadow that runs alongside the railroad. When the first train passes Black Beauty by, he remains "snorting with astonishment and fear" and runs to the other side of the meadow. However, after the train passes several times and Black Beauty realizes that he remains unharmed, he grows used to the train and is no longer afraid of it. He remarks that many horses are afraid of steam engines, but, thanks to his master's training, he is not at all fearful at railroad stations. 

On what page or pages of To Kill a Mockingbird does the narrator describe the black people's homes?

In Chapter 17, on page 227 Scout describes Bob Ewell's home, which was once owned by a black family. These cabins are briefly mentioned in Chapter 25 but are not described in detail when Atticus goes to visit Helen and give her the news that Tom is dead. On page 227, Scout says that the Ewells' cabin had wooden planked walls with patches of corrugated iron nailed randomly. The cabin's roof was made out of flattened tin cans, and the windows were merely holes in the walls. The entire cabin resembled a small, square box with four tiny rooms that rested on four crooked limestone slabs. On page 244, Scout recounts Mayella's family history and briefly describes her duties at the house. She mentions that the Ewell family hauled their water buckets from a spring near their house. This provides us information that describes the lack of running water in the cabins.

In the excerpt from The Autobiography, Ben Franklin places temperance first on his list of virtues. What two specific things does Franklin say to...

I am assuming you are referring to Chapter IX of Franklin's autobiography, the chapter in which he sets forth his plan for attaining moral perfection. He places temperance at the very top of his list. 

He discusses what others mean by the term, for some, temperance only in the consumption of food and drink, while others have defined it more broadly to include other pleasurable activities, mental and physical.  Franklin chooses to define it as only temperance as to food and drink.  The other place in the chapter in which he discusses temperance is when he is carrying on a hypothetical conversation with his descendants, referring to himself in the third person. Here, he says,

To Temperance he ascribes his long-continued health, and what is still left to him of a good constitution....

(I apologize for not including a page number, but the on-line version I looked at is not paginated.) Since he lived to be 84 years old, it may very well be that he was correct!

In "A White Heron," why does the author use shadows?

In "A White Heron," Sarah Orne Jewett uses references to shadows in order to foreshadow the coming of the hunter, a figure that represents a force which is hostile to nature, and establish the story's mood.  In the first line of the story, the narrator says that "The woods were already filled with shadows one June evening, just before eight o'clock, though a bright sunset still glimmered faintly among the trunks of the trees."  By describing the shadow so early in the piece, Jewett uses it to help establish the mood of the story: there is a darkness looming and we should prepare ourselves for it.

The "gray shadows" are referenced once again, immediately prior to Sylvia's hearing, and being frightened by, the hunter's whistle, the whistle he uses to lure birds to him.  She was not typically out this late, and so, again, the reference to shadow seems to establish some suspense as well as to foreshadow the danger approaching in the form of the hunter who kills and stuffs the birds he claims to love.

A cylindrical centrifuge of mass 8 kg and radius 10 cm spins at a speed of 80,000 rpm. Calculate the minimum braking torque that must be applied...

Hello!

I suppose we apply a constant braking force perpendicularly to the radius of spin. Then the torque (moment of force) will be

From the other hand, this torque will cause an angular acceleration (deceleration in this case) and the relation between them is

where is the moment of inertia of a centrifuge.

For an object whose mass is at the constant distance from the axis of rotation, the moment of inertia is  Linking this together, obtain

or

The angular speed will decrease uniformly at a rate A centrifuge stops when so where is the initial angular speed and is the given time of braking.

Finally, all these quantities are given. The only problem is that is given in rpm, while it is required in radians per second. One rpm is radians per second, so the final answer is

This is the braking force. The torque itself is

Why is the demand curve perceived by a firm in a competitive market as perfectly elastic while the demand curve for the market has a downward slope?

A market in perfect competition describes a situation where individual firms are “price takers” – meaning the price is determined entirely by the intersection of supply and demand and the firm doesn’t have an active role in setting the price of its goods in the market. Instead, in perfect competition, consumers’ demands change the price of goods.

A perfectly competitive market has a downward sloping demand curve (with quantity on the x-axis and price on the y-axis), because as price increases, the quantity demanded will decrease. Once the market has reached an equilibrium price/quantity, where the quantity supplied is equal to the quantity demanded, then individual firms become price takers. This means they must charge the price at equilibrium, or consumers will buy goods from the other firms in the market with a lower price. Therefore, the demand curve for the market is downward sloping, but the demand curve for an individual firm is a horizontal line at the equilibrium price. If the equilibrium price were to change, then the individual firm’s demand line would also shift up or down on the y-axis depending on the price. This horizontal line shows that demand for that good is perfectly elastic, meaning that any increase in a firm’s price will cause demand for that firm’s goods to hit zero.

Based on The Giver, do you think that sometimes it is okay to lie? Do memories play an important part in your life and who you are? Is it better...

This question is a pre-reading assessment for The Giver. This answers should be based on your own opinion, but I can still guide you through the process. 

1. Some people believe that lying is always bad. Is that the case for you? Do you ever lie because you do not want to hurt someone's feelings? If you do that, then it is okay to lie. Maybe you believe truth should always be given no matter what.


2. Are you who you are today because of the memories that you have? Do you have memories of your family talking about religion or politics? Those memories could play a role in your life today. What other memories do you have that play a huge role in your personality or life? 


3. Do you think it's best to never be cold or hungry? That could be an amazing life to never experience hunger or cold, especially among our poorest citizens. Or do you think it's better for humans to have some type of suffering? 

If a haploid cell contains 16 chromosomes, how many does the diploid cell contain?

The terms haploid and diploid are commonly used when discussing cells. These refer to the number of chromosome sets held within the cell. Normal body cells are diploid, since they contain 2 sets of chromosomes (hence the prefix 'di' which means two). One of these chromosomal sets is donated by the mother, while the other set is from the father. In comparison, haploid cells contain only one set of chromosomes. Sex cells (such as eggs and sperm) are haploid. Thus, a diploid cell will contain twice as many chromosomes as a haploid cell.

If the haploid cell contains 16 chromosomes, the diploid cell will contain twice this number, 32 chromosomes. Half of these would be contributed by one parent and the other half by the other parent. 

Hope this helps. 

How far do you agree that the character of Puck adds little to A Midsummer's Night Dream?

I would not agree that Puck adds little to A Midsummer's Night Dream. This mischevious hobgoblin, the only supernatural creature outside of Oberon and Titania to be given a distinct personality in the play, is important to the story's mood of eery enchantment and topsy-turvy love. 

It's Puck who puts the love potion meant for Demetrius into Lysander's eyes, causing Lysander to fall in love with Helena. This confusion provides some of the most comic moments in the play. Perhaps another fairy could have mixed up the potion, but who could have done it with Puck's exuberance?  Who else but Puck could carry off convincingly the famous line "what fools these mortals be," after he, ironically, had been a fool about the potion?

Finally, it's Puck who speaks the epilogue, leaving the audience with the mischevious question as to whether this entire play has been a dream:

If we spirits have offended /Think but this, and all is mended/That you have but slumbered here...

Who put such a spirit figure could put us into such doubt? Who else could later in the epilogue ask "if I be honest" and have us so focused on the "if?

What was FDR's role as President during the Great Depression and the New Deal? Were his New Deal measures positive or negative for the US in terms...

Historians disagree over whether President Franklin Roosevelt’s programs were economically successful.  However, there is a consensus that they were generally helpful in terms of improving the morale of the American people.

Many historians say that FDR’s New Deal policies brought America’s economy back from the depths of the Depression.  They say that the New Deal gave more jobs to more people as well as giving relief funds to people who could not get jobs.  By doing these things, the New Deal increased the amount of money that Americans had to spend.  When Americans had more money to spend, there was more demand for goods and services and more people had to be hired to meet that demand.

However, there are some who say that the New Deal really didn’t do that much.  They point out that the US economy did not get back to anywhere near pre-Depression levels until WWII brought a need for more weapons and other goods for the military.  They argue that the Depression could have ended sooner if FDR had not intervened as much as he did in the economy.  Examples of these arguments can be found in the link below.

Even though many historians do not think the New Deal was good economic policy, they do agree that it was good for the morale of the vast majority of Americans.  Americans had felt very discouraged because they felt President Hoover did not care enough about them to have the government do much to help.  When FDR took office, they felt that he was trying his hardest to help them.  This raised morale among average Americans.

In these ways, we can see that the New Deal was clearly positive for American morale while its effects on the economy are a more controversial issue.

How effectively does Wilfred Owen portray the physical and mental suffering of individual soldiers in his war poetry?

Wilfred Owen is considered by many scholars to be among the greatest poets of the First World War and is hailed as perhaps the greatest war poet in the English language. His poetry is described as indignant, vivid and visceral -- in stark protest against the destruction of human life and dignity in war. It pulses with the true agonies of battle which, Owen felt, get buried beneath national propaganda and fantasies of glory. So impassioned was he to strip war of its rousing fictive quality that he made it the central aim of his poetry:

Above all I am not concerned with Poetry. My subject is War, and the pity of War. The Poetry is in the Pity.

Owen's most famous poem, Dulce et Decorum Est -- a Latin phrase taken from the poet Horace meaning "It is sweet and fitting to die for one's country" -- depicts the suffering of men with whom he fought alongside.

If you could hear, at every jolt, the blood 

Come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs, 

Obscene as cancer, bitter as the cud 

Of vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues

Here Owen is using evocative description to disabuse us of the heroic fantasies of war, of the fact that it doesn't offer you dignity in death but in fact strips us of any humanity and dignity whatsoever.

His use of alliteration and repetition together give the reader a sense of urgent reality: "He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning." Also seen in the beginning line in Exposure: "Our brains ache, in the merciless iced east winds that knive us . . . " and "Worried by silence, sentries whisper, curious, nervous, / But nothing happens." Owen cleverly builds tension by showing us that in war even in silence there is a terror: the dread of anticipation. This is one aspect of the mental suffering of war. 

While his style was certainly musical and in-keeping with modernist trends, Owen wrote to confront his traumatic experiences in the trenches after he had been hospitalized with what was then called "Shell-shock." Encouraged by his doctor and by his close friend -- fellow poet Siegfried Sassoon -- Owen relived his experiences in his poetry. One such poem called Sentry recounts a moment during the war when he witnessed a solider blinded by a shell:

I held a flame against his lids
And said if he could see the least blurred light
He was not blind; in time he'd get all right.
"I can't," he sobbed. Eyeballs, huge-bulged like squids
Watch my dreams still...

It is in these memorable lines that we hear the numb and tormented voice of Owen, holding a lantern to the excruciating face of a fellow solider. He was tremendously effective in portraying the pathos of suffering during the First World War through his poetry.  

Why is the sky blue during the day and red at sunset?

In order to understand why the sky is blue during the day, and appears red at sunset, one must first realize that the sun emits all wavelengths of the visible spectrum. The reason the sky appears blue was discovered by John Tyndall in 1859. He realized that shorter wavelengths of light, such as blue, are scattered much more than longer red wavelengths by particles in the atmosphere. This occurs when the sun is at a more extreme angle relative to the observer. An example of this is when the sun is directly overhead at mid-day. This scattering of blue wavelengths makes the sky appear blue to the human eye, while all other wavelengths pass through the atmosphere more directly and are not visualized.

The difference in color at sunset is due to the change in the observers angle of view of the sun. As the sunsets, it moves further away from the observer, leading to an even greater scattering of both blue light and red light due to a longer distance and shorter angle of observation as seen in the figure. This greater scattering of light, due to a smaller angle between the sun and the observer, allows a greater scattering of red wavelengths creating the red sky that is seen at sunset. This effect can be amplified by water or other particles in the atmosphere making some sunsets appear more or less red than others. Hope this helps!!!  

How does "Dulce et Decorum Est" compare to "Who's for the Game?"'

Wilfred Owen wrote "Dulce et Decorum Est" as an answer/rebuttal to Jessie Pope's jingoistic war poetry, one example of which is "Who's for the Game?" Owen originally titled the poem "To Jessie Pope." The two poems stand in stark contrast in the way that they present the Great War, now known as World War I. Owen takes a brutally realistic view of the war, portraying a soldier who failed to get his gas mask on in time and died an excruciatingly horrible death. Owen, himself a soldier during the war, spoke out against the recruiting poems that enticed young men to sign up for the war as if they were signing up for a tennis camp. Pope's poem uses such enticements and shaming to encourage men to enlist, even going so far as to call the war "fun" in these lines: "Who would much rather come back with a crutch / Than lie low and be out of the fun?" As a female journalist and humorist, Pope would not have seen the horrors Owen had experienced in battle. No wonder, then, that Owen scolds Pope in the last sentence of his poem. After addressing her as "my friend," he states that if she had watched men die from poison gas and had been tormented by nightmares afterward, she "would not tell with such high zest / To children ardent for some desperate glory, / The old Lie" that it is sweet and honorable to die for one's country.

 

How did the French and Indian War influence the passing of tax acts on the colonies?

The French and Indian War influenced the subsequent passing of tax laws for the colonies. After the French and Indian War, the colonies were becoming more expensive to operate. The British gained a lot of land in North America from the Treaty of Paris of 1763. The Native Americans were not pleased that the British now controlled this land. As a result, the Native Americans attacked the colonists, as with Pontiac’s Rebellion, and threatened to attack again. The British needed more soldiers to protect the colonies. Thus, the cost of protecting the colonies increased. The British wanted the colonists to share in some of the costs of protecting the colonies.

As the British Empire expanded in North America, the general cost of running the colonies also increased. For example, more British officials were needed in the colonies to help run them. This helped to increase the cost of running the colonies.

The British passed new tax laws to raise revenue to help protect and run the colonies. The Stamp Act was passed in 1765, and the Townshend Acts were passed in 1767. In both cases, the colonists resisted these laws because they had no representatives in Parliament who could vote on these laws.

What does the phrase "education for self-reliance" mean?

The phrase "education for self-reliance" is usually attributed to Julius Nyerere, the statesman and leader of Tanzania from before the nation achieved formal independence in the early 1960s up until 1985. In his pamphlet published in 1967 titled "Education for Self-Reliance," Nyerere proposed re-evaluating the purpose and intent of education in Tanzania. He offered that while they did not have a rigid blueprint for the future, the nation had identified socialist objectives it wanted to realize: equality, respect for human dignity, sharing of resources collectively produced, sharing in the work necessary to make communities thrive and elimination of exploitation. 

The dominant system of education, Nyerere argued, reflected what had been inherited by the old colonial powers. The inherited colonial system of education, he claimed, remained elitist (designed to meet the needs of only a few), it divorced students from the society it should be preparing them for, and it inappropriately privileged formal academic knowledge over traditional knowledge(s) and the experience of honest labor. Nyerere framed it as antithetical to the goals of a more just future socialist society, which is what he believed education in Tanzania should be oriented toward.

Taking into account that rapid industrialization was an impossibility in Tanzania at that time, Nyerere argued that the labor of rural and agricultural life should be re-valorized as part of a project for Tanzanian schools to become "communities which practise the precept of self-reliance.” This education for self-reliance would entail that each school recognizes itself not only as a social and educational institution, but also as an economic community capable of providing for itself. To become collectively self-reliant and contribute to the common good, Nyerere suggested each school should maintain a farm or workshop -- depending upon whether the particular school was located in a more moderately urban or more agrarian setting -- so as to provide food for itself and the community and/or to contribute to the national wealth.

This would not be for mere training purposes. Rather, the incorporation of the productive work which students would participate in was to be just as integral to their formal education as the book learning within the classrooms -- the latter which ideally would also support the hands-on learning on the farm or in the workplace.

Nyerere asserted that in contrast to old practices of education, these new modes of learning would begin to break down the problematic idea that only academic learning is respectable. Students would learn the advantages (and overcome the challenges) of cooperative labor and practice participating in the major decisions regarding how they collectively organize work, the details of what they produce or grow, and how the surplus they generate would be allocated. The idea was to implement practical socialist education using (and with the hope of teaching) "direct democracy." Students could thus become "effective members of the community--for their own benefit as well as that of their country and their neighbours," in a process that would help create a “citizenry which relies upon itself for its own development."

Nyerere's version of "education for self-reliance" thus shares certain similarities with other non-orthodox ideas about education. Nyerere's vision echoes elements of Karl Marx's acknowledgement in the chapter on "Machinery and Large-Scale Industry" in the book "Capital" of the benefits of coupling labor and education in order to cultivate more complete human beings. (Marx borrowed those ideas from utopian socialist thinker Robert Owen, and he also drew insights from various factory reports and observations of how factory work, education and physical exercise had been combined in select cases.) Nyerere's educational model also incorporates the "discovery" or learning-through-doing aspects of the Montessori method popularized by Italian educator Maria Montessori. It also reflects the importance placed on community-based knowledge found in the ideas of Brazilian educator Paulo Freire, whose oft-cited book in the tradition of critical pedagogy, "Pedagogy of the Oppressed," was published in Portugese in 1968, one year after Nyerere's pamphlet was published.  Nyerere's ideas even presaged some of the ideas found in more recent work, like the book by ecology-focused anti-capitalist feminist writers Veronika Bennholdt-Thomsen and Maria Mies, "The Subsistence Perspective: Beyond the Globalised Economy," insofar as their work criticizes orthodox models of economics focused on growth and industrial development. Now, while unlike the fanatical push to rapid industrialization imposed by totalitarian methods in Stalinist Russia, Nyerere's educational vision, even while socialist, did remain nationalist in its orientation. Bennholdt-Thomsen and Mies, in contrast, prefer to shift focus away from state-centric paradigms and toward local communities.

Some of the failures of Nyerere's administration and the inability of Tanzanian people to address issues of deprivation and poverty throughout Nyerere's time in office could be considered in this light.

What event has made Reverend Hale uneasy about the courts proceedings?

I do not agree with thinking that one specific event triggered Hale's uneasiness about the Salem witchcraft trials.  I think it was a series of small events that caused Hale to begin questioning the legitimacy of the trials and the accusers.  However, I can pick a narrow series of events that seem to really cause Hale to be uneasy.  That series of events is the "somewhat mentioning" of Rebecca Nurse as a possible witch.  Rebecca Nurse is famous in the Puritan community for her devoted, caring, patient, and wise Christ-like manners.  

Rebecca: I am, sir. Do you know me?

Hale: It's strange how I knew you, but I suppose you look as such a good soul should. We have all heard of your great charities in Beverly.

When Rebecca is mentioned, Hale decides to visit her house.  That is a big step for him, because previously he was taking Abigail and her cohorts at their word.  Now he is suspicious.  Later in that same act, Rebecca is actually charged and arrested.  Hale responds like this:

Believe me, Mr. Nurse, if Rebecca Nurse be tainted, then nothing's left to stop the whole green world from burning.

From that point forward, Hale does more to protect the accused than he does to support the court's proceedings.  By the end of the play, Hale even admits that he is now working against the court's actions.  He is trying to get the accused to confess in order to save their lives.  

I come to do the Devil's work. I come to counsel Christians they should belie themselves.

Investigate and compare the quantitive effects that the change in time elapsed since exercise has on the pulse rate of a person.

As time elapses after exercise, a person's pulse rate should decrease until his/her resting pulse rate is reached.

Energy is produced in the mitochondria of your cells during a process called cellular respiration. During cellular respiration, oxygen gas and the sugar glucose are used to produce carbon dioxide gas and water.

During exercise, your body uses energy at a faster rate. Thus, your body needs to deliver the reactants to your cells and pump out waste at a faster rate. During exercise, breathing increases so more oxygen is brought into your body and carbon dioxide is pumped out at a faster rate than normal.

Oxygen is carried to where it is needed by the hemoglobin in your red blood cells. During exercise, your heart needs to pump more blood in order to deliver enough oxygen to your working cells. Therefore, your heart begins to beat faster and with more force per beat.

As an individual stops exercising, not as much oxygen or glucose is needed to produce energy via cellular respiration. Therefore, one's heart rate and respiratory rate begin to slow down.

The link below provides a lab in which you can investigate the effects of time after exercise on pulse rate.

What are some differences and similarities between Nywoye and Okonkwo?

From the start of the novel, Okonkwo, the protagonist, is described as very prideful and someone who adheres very closely to the customs and the traditions of his people, the Igbo. He is someone who “ruled his household with a heavy hand” (Achebe 13) and causes fear in his children and wives. Okonkwo thinks any kind of emotional weakness is womanly and measures his own worth by the success of his crops and the number of wives and children he has. His son, Nwoye, on the other hand, desires to break away from the traditions of the Igbo, including those that say manliness is the most important trait.

When the Christians come to bring their religion to the Igbo people, Okonkwo is very resistant and wants to convince the other tribal members to fight back (this resistance is part of what leads to his downfall). Nwoye, however, sees something in the message of the Christians and decides to convert. Because Nwoye questions certain traditions of the Igbo, such as the custom to kill twins because they are seen as an abomination, he is drawn to Christianity as an answer to some of his questions. Achebe writes that when Nwoye encounters the Christian missionaries, he was “captivated” by the “poetry of the new religion” (147). While the arrival of the Christians was a way for Nwoye to escape his father, for Okonkwo, it was the beginning of the end.

Perhaps the only similarity between the two is their fondness for Ikemefuna, who is forced to leave his own village and stay at Okonwko’s compound as compensation for a wrong done to the Igbo people by a man of another village. Ikemefuna’s fate is sealed from the beginning, but Okonwko cannot help become attached to him, regardless. Nwoye, too, “became quite inseparable” from Ikemefuna. This, again, might be the only similarity between Okonkwo and Nwoye.

Discuss how, on its surface, the ode "To Autumn" seems to be little more than description, an illustration of a season. But underneath its...

This ode is about a moment in time but it also is about change and transformation. Therefore, time is a significant theme here. Consider the first two lines: 

Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness, 

Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun; 

Autumn is the season when the warm weather is turning cold. This produces condensation and "mist." Autumn is the end of the growing season. It is the season when farmers harvest their crops. Ideally, the harvest is bursting with "fruitfulness." Thus, it is a time when things are ripe and full of life.

Keats is also making a comparison between the progression of seasons and the progression of the day. Spring is morning and rebirth, Summer is the bulk of the day and growth, Autumn is evening and harvest, Winter is night and death. Here, Keats is comparing autumn to the evening. Thus, autumn is a close friend of the "maturing sun" or the sun as it sets at the end of the day. 

Although notions of evening, the end of growth, and the approaching winter might be described in melancholy terms, Keats celebrates autumn for its particular beauty. The first stanza contains imagery of fruits and plants fully ripe and therefore at their peak conditions. Despite the approaching end of things that upcoming winter represents, autumn is a beautiful time and notion in and of itself. 

The second stanza illustrates ideas about the harvest. Keats describes autumn as "the gleaner." That is, one who gathers the grain. Given the suggested notions of evening at maturing age, he also seems to be saying that autumn is a time for gathering the fruits of our life's labor. It is therefore a time to gather, appreciate, and extract from life whatever we can. Perhaps he is suggesting that as we get older, we should appreciate (gather/glean) life especially in these later stages. 

In the final stanza, the speaker (Keats) basically tells Autumn not to worry about the songs of spring. Autumn has its own songs. In other words, this season, the evening, and the mature stage of life all have elements to be celebrated. This poem is about appreciating autumn as a season. But the symbolism provokes the reader to consider the passage of time in order to appreciate the end of the day and the end stages or the penultimate times of life. 

What would Jim Burden say in his graduation speech?

As you work on your assignment to create a high school graduation speech writing in the voice of Jim Burden, the narrator of Willa Cather's My Antonia, you should try to demonstrate how he has learned and grown from his experiences on the prairie. 

As well as a story of the farming community in Nebraska, this is also a story of Jim's coming of age and a key part of his maturation process is the way in which he begins to appreciate the simple, hard-working farm people he originally looked down upon because they were poor and dirty. 

Thus in his speech, I think he would try to balance an emphasis on the importance of academic hard work of the type that got him admitted to college with an appreciation of the strength and skills of the farmers. He might also emphasize how his time in Nebraska led him to appreciate simple virtues of kindness and cheerfulness in face of scarcity and poverty. 

As much of the book is concerned with the nature of the prairie itself and the way its geography forms its inhabitants, Jim should also talk about the land itself, perhaps paraphrasing his reflections in the book when he mentions talking about spending:

... one’s childhood in little towns like these, buried in wheat and corn, under stimulating extremes of climate: burning summers when the world lies green and billowy beneath a brilliant sky ... blustery winters with little snow, when the whole country is stripped bare and gray as sheet-iron. ... No one who had not grown up in a little prairie town could know anything about it.

How is madness dealt with in the novella The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde?

Jekyll's madness—if it is that—is portrayed as a progression similar to that of addiction.  It begins with choices Jekyll makes, becomes more attractive and harder to resist, and ends up being completely out of his control. 

When Jekyll begins his experiments with turning himself into Mr. Hyde, he does so because he wants to have fun.  He wants to be able to engage in his "undignified pleasures" (music halls? brothels?) without being recognized.  At this point, he still feels he is in control of Hyde and can stop becoming him any time he wants to.  As he tells Utterson, "I can be rid of Mr. Hyde any time I wish."  This corresponds to the early stages of addiction: the addiction is an occasional pastime and the person does not feel it to be a major influence on his or her personality.

However, it is worth noting that at the moment when Jekyll turns into Hyde, he feels a euphoric sense of freedom and power, the sense that can he do anything he wants to, completely without inhibition.  Instead of scaring him, this feeling is pleasurable to him in his Hyde state. This corresponds to a drug high. 

When Hyde starts committing serious crimes, Jekyll realizes that he needs to stop his excursions as Hyde.  His Jekyll self is appalled and ashamed by what he has done, and also Hyde's crimes are starting to potentially endanger Jekyll's reputation.  So Jekyll tries to quit "cold turkey."  He even promises Mr. Utterson that he will never see Hyde again. 

At first, Jekyll feels good about having quit cold turkey.  However, after a month or two he begins to be tempted to become Hyde again. This temptation eventually becomes unbearable, and when Jekyll finally gives in to it, he finds that his Hyde self is stronger and more evil than ever as a result of having been repressed through willpower.  Hyde is so "hungry" at this point, and his emotions so strong, that it is a tossup as to which is the "real" Jekyll: Jekyll or Hyde.

Not long after this, Jekyll starts turning into Hyde spontaneously, without having to take the potion.  At first it happens only once in a while; soon it happens whenever he lets his guard down.  The first time it happens, it scares Jekyll and he races home to change himself back into Jekyll.  But the potion for changing himself back starts to get less and less effective, requiring bigger doses and not always working the first time.  This corresponds to the stage of addiction where the high is harder to attain or may not even be present at all, but where the withdrawal symptoms are so bad that the person is living from dose to dose of the drug just to keep themselves from the suffering of withdrawal. 

By this time, Jekyll's household servants have realized that something is seriously wrong.  He is locked in his study, desperately sending them out to pharmacy after pharmacy to find ingredients for a potion that will actually work to return him to his Jekyll state.  His whole life now revolves around managing Hyde.  It is no longer fun to be Hyde; it is torture to go back and forth. 

Ultimately, he is unable to manage Hyde.  The thing that started out as a lark has led to his death.  It shows that the psychology of addiction can operate even without an addictive substance.  Arguably, what Jekyll was addicted to—mind and body—was not the drug that turned him into Hyde, but rather Hyde himself—the freedom and power of being totally evil without discovery.  

Write an expression for the apparent nth term of the sequence. (assume that n begins with 1)

If you look at this sequence, you notice that the pattern is pretty much made up of fractions with different numbers in the denominator and 1's in the numerator. So let's look at the denominators. Right here, we see 1, 2, 6, 24, and 120. Does that pattern remind you of anything? It is a sequence made up of factorials, or !. A factorial of x would be all the positive integers multiplied together all the way up to and including x. Therefore, 1!=1, 2!=2*1=2, 3!=3*2*1=6, and so on. Therefore, the sequence is (1/n!), where n begins at 1 and is the nth term of the sequence.

In the novel Frankenstein, how did Elizabeth Lavenza help Justine Moritz when she was accused of killing William Frankenstein?

In Ch. 8, Elizabeth addresses the court during Justine's trial and speaks very highly of her. While this does not end up saving Justine, the attempt by Elizabeth was a benevolent one. Ultimately, she doesn't exactly help her, but attempts to help her.

When Elizabeth speaks, we understand just how deeply she cares for Justine. She also truly believes in her innocence.

"For my own part, I do not hesitate to say that, not withstanding all the evidence produced against her, I believe and rely on her perfect innocence."

This is a powerful statement because she is not only saying she believes in her innocence, but that she believes in Justine despite the evidence that no one can dispute—Justine having the locket that William was wearing just prior to his death. She goes on to say that if Justine had asked her for it, Elizabeth would have given it to her because she "esteemed" and "valued" her so greatly.

Essentially, Elizabeth is a character witness. While she cannot dispute the evidence against Justine, she can say that the crime Justine is accused of committing is against everything in her nature and everything that Elizabeth knows about her.

How does Montresor use reverse psychology on Fortunato?

Montresor uses reverse psychology to trick Fortunado into going into the crypt with him by suggesting that he will have someone else look at the wine and by asking him if he is sick once he gets there.

Reverse psychology is the act of tricking someone into doing something by telling them not to.  Montresor uses this technique twice.  First he tells Fortunato that he will have someone else look at the Amontillado wine cask if he doesn’t.  Then he brings attention to his cough and tells him to leave.

Montresor’s ruse to get Fortunato into the crypt is asking him to look at a special cask of Amontillado wine.  He tells Fortunato that if he does not look at the wine, he will get someone else to do it instead.

“As you are engaged, I am on my way to Luchesi. If any one has a critical turn it is he. He will tell me—”

“Luchesi cannot tell Amontillado from Sherry.”

“And yet some fools will have it that his taste is a match for your own.”

Montresor knows that Fortunato will never give up the chance to show off his wine knowledge.  By suggesting that he will show the wine to Luchesi, he is pretty much guaranteeing that Fortunato will come to see the wine.  He knows Fortunato very well.

Montresor uses the trick again to pretend that he wants Fortunato to go back once they are actually in the crypt.

“How long have you had that cough?”…

“It is nothing,” he said, at last.

“Come,” I said, with decision, “we will go back; your health is precious.You are rich, respected, admired, beloved; you are happy, as once I was. You are a man to be missed. For me it is no matter. ..."

This is actually pretty brilliant.  Fortunato is drunk, and does not see through the ruse.  He just insists that he is fine, and they continue.  By the time Fortunato figures out that Montresor actually does not care about his health and in fact wants to kill him it is too late!

The fact that Montresor is able to use reverse psychology so effectively shows that he is a good judge of character.  That he can lie so convincingly is further proof that he is a psychopath.  He wants revenge, and he will stop at nothing to get it.

Provide an explanation of foreshadowing using examples from The Great Gatsby.

The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines foreshadowing as follows: "to give a suggestion of something that has not yet happened." Foreshadowing is a common literary device, and is used often in many books, including The Great Gatsby. 

In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald uses foreshadowing on many occasions. One such example occurs in Chapter 4 when Nick is introduced to Mr. Wolfsheim, a gambler who is friends with Gatsby and who, according to Gatsby, "fixed the World's Series back in 1919" (Fitzgerald 73). This meeting is an example of foreshadowing to the reader that Gatsby obtained his wealth through illegal means rather than legitimate business, something the reader learns to be true later in the book.

Another example, that occurs later in this same chapter is when the reader learns that Gatsby is in love with Daisy and wants to plan a meeting at Nick's house as an excuse to see her. Jordan Baker tells Nick that Gatsby wants Daisy to come to tea at Nick's house because "He wants her to see his house" (Fitzgerald 79), which is right next door. This is another example of foreshadowing, suggesting to the reader that Gatsby believes he will be able to win Daisy's love because he is now wealthy like her husband Tom Buchanan. This foreshadows the idea that Gatsby believes Daisy only married Tom for his money, and not because she loved him. This reinforces to the reader Gatsby's belief that Daisy will leave Tom for him, an important theme later in the book. 

As one can see from these examples, Fitzgerald conveys to the reader important information that is later confirmed in the book through the use of foreshadowing. Hope this helps!

Distinguish between evergreen and deciduous forests

Two distinguish between evergreen and deciduous forests, one must first define what an evergreen and a deciduous plant are. 

Evergreen plants, like the name suggests, are plants that maintain their leaves all year around. Regardless of the season, evergreens will be found with leaves or needles. It is important to note however, that evergreens will lose some leaves or needles throughout the year, but never lose them all at once. A good example of an evergreen is the pine tree.

Deciduous plants, on the other hand, grow fresh leaves every spring, and lose their leaves every fall. Typically, during the fall period, the leaves change to spectacular bright colors such as red, orange, or yellow before they are dropped. Once dropped later in the fall, these plants appear bare in the winter, sometimes appearing as if they are dead. Each spring, new leaves are then grown. A good example of these types of plants are oak trees.

Together, entire forests can be made up of either evergreen or deciduous plants, with each type having the above mentioned characteristics. The determination of the make up of such forests is often based on factors such as climate, soil, temperature, and elevation. Often times, in some regions, it is also common to see forests that are a mix of these two types of plants. Hope this helps! 

Why does Macbeth tell his wife that they should only have male children?

Macbeth says this in Act I, Scene 7, after Lady Macbeth chastises him for his misgivings about murdering Duncan. He tells her:

Bring forth men-children only,
For thy undaunted mettle should compose
Nothing but males.

What he means, more or less, is that Lady Macbeth's spirit is characterized more by what he (and Shakespeare's audiences) associates with masculine virtues. These include courage, ruthlessness, and violence. Indeed, just after hearing of the witches' prophecy from her husband, Lady Macbeth resolves to "unsex" herself so she can become ruthless and pitiless in order to push her husband, who she views as lacking in courage and overly possessed with the "milk of human kindness," to murder Duncan. This would seem unnatural to Shakespeare's audiences, and is an example of what the witches said in the first scene: "What's fair is foul; what's foul is fair." In this passage, Macbeth says hise wife's traits should be passed on to sons, not daughters.

Evaluate the integral

To evaluate, apply integration by parts .

So let:

   

and    

Then, differentiate u and integrate dv.

and

Plug-in them to the formula. So the integral becomes:

And, substitute the limits of the integral.

Therefore, .

In "The Monkey's Paw" where does the setting create suspense?

The setting creates suspense because the weather is stormy and the house is isolated.

Suspense is the feeling that something is about to happen.  Usually it means that something exciting or something bad is happening.  The author creates suspense by setting the story on a stormy night.  He also incorporates a chess game, which is a metaphor for suspense, because chess is a suspenseful game.

Without, the night was cold and wet, but in the small parlour of Laburnam Villa the blinds were drawn and the fire burned brightly. Father and son were at chess, the former, who possessed ideas about the game involving radical changes …

The house is also isolated.  We are told that there are not a lot of neighbors around.  When a mysterious stranger shows up late at night, Mr. White's old friend, this only adds to the suspense.

"That's the worst of living so far out … of all the beastly, slushy, out-of-the-way places to live in, this is the worst. Pathway's a bog, and the road's a torrent. I don't know what people are thinking about. I suppose because only two houses in the road are let, they think it doesn't matter."

The setting is suspenseful because the reader is used to expecting something bad to happen on a spooky, rainy night.  Since we are told that the Whites do not have many neighbors, this just contributes to the effect.

Something does happen when Sergeant-Major Morris arrives with the monkey’s paw.  We are told that it is dangerous, even deadly, but the Whites are only curious.  Drawn in by the paw’s promise of magic, they test it out by wishing for money.  They do not heed Morris’s warning, leading the reader to believe that something bad is going to happen because, after all, it is a dark and stormy night!